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History

The various Eaton’s buildings at Yonge and Queen Streets in 1920, demonstrating the Eaton’s landholdings on the current site of the Toronto Eaton Centre.

Timothy Eaton founded a dry goods store on Yonge Street in the 19th century, and that small shop went on to revolutionize retailing in Canada, ultimately becoming the largest department store chain in the country. By the 20th century, the Eaton’s chain owned most of the land bounded by Yonge, Queen, Bay and Dundas streets, with the notable exceptions of Old City Hall and the Church of the Holy Trinity. The Eaton’s land, once the site of Timothy Eaton’s first store, was occupied by Eaton’s large Main Store, the Eaton’s Annex and a number of related mail order and factory buildings. As the chain’s warehouse and support operations were increasingly shifting to cheaper suburban locales in the 1960s, Eaton’s wanted to make better use of its valuable downtown landholdings. In particular, the chain wanted to build a massive new flagship store to replace the aging Main Store at Yonge and Queen and the Eaton’s College Street store a few blocks to the north.

In the mid-1960s, Eaton’s announced plans for a massive office and shopping complex that would occupy several city blocks. Initial plans for the centre called for the demolition of both Old City Hall (except for the clock tower and cenotaph) and the Church of the Holy Trinity, as well as the closing of a number of small city streets within the above-noted block (Albert Street, Louisa Street, Terauley Street, James Street, Albert Lane, Downey’s Lane and Trinity Square). At one point, even the City Hall clock tower was slated for demolition. After a fierce local debate over the fate of the city hall and church buildings, Eaton’s put its plans on hiatus in 1967.

The Eaton Centre plans were resuscitated in 1971, although these plans allowed for the preservation of Old City Hall. Controversy erupted anew, however, as the congregation of the Church of the Holy Trinity exhibited an increased willingness to fight the demolition plans for its church. Eventually, the Eaton Centre plans were revised to save both Old City Hall and the church, and then revised further when Holy Trinity’s parishioners successfully fought to ensure that the new complex would not block all sunlight to the church , decorative christmas .

These amendments to the plans resulted in three significant changes to the proposed centre from the initial 1960s concept. First, the new Eaton’s store was shifted north to Dundas Street, as the new store would be too large to be accommodated in its traditional location on Queen Street (opposite its rival Simpson’s) due to the preservation of City Hall. This resulted in the mall being constructed with Eaton’s and Simpson’s acting as anchors at either end. The second significant change was the reduction in the size of the office component, so that the Eaton Centre project no longer represented an attempt to extend the City’s financial district north of Queen Street, as the Eaton Family had originally contemplated in the 1960s. Finally, the bulk of the centre was shifted east to the Yonge Street frontage, and the complex was designed so that it no longer had any frontage along Bay Street. Old City Hall and the Church were thus saved, as was the Salvation Army headquarters building by virtue of its location between the two other preserved buildings (although the Salvation Army building was eventually demolished in the late 1990s to make way for an Eaton Centre expansion) , clear glass balls .

Construction

The Toronto Eaton Centre, looking south along Yonge Street from Dundas Street, in contrast with the old faade.

Eaton’s partnered with the Cadillac Fairview development company and the Toronto-Dominion Bank in the construction of the Eaton Centre. The complex was designed by Eberhard Zeidler and Bregman + Hamann Architects as a multi-levelled, vaulted glass-ceiling galleria, modelled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy. At the time, the interior design of the Eaton Centre was considered quite revolutionary and influenced shopping centre architecture throughout North America.

The Eaton Centre represented one of North America’s first downtown shopping malls. The first phase, including the nine-storey, 1,000,000 square foot (100,000 square metre) Eaton’s store, opened in 1977. The temporary wall at the south end was mirrored over its full height, to give an impression of what the complete galleria would look like. The old Eaton’s store at Yonge and Queen was then demolished and the south half of the complex opened in its place in 1979. The same year, the north end of the complex added a multiplex cinema, Cineplex, at the time the largest in the world with 18 screens.

Evening interior of the Toronto Eaton Centre, looking north from the mid-point in the mall.

Terauley Street, Louisa Street, Downey’s Lane and Albert Lane were closed and disappeared from the city street grid to make way for the new complex. Albert Street and James Street were preserved only to the extent of their frontage around Old City Hall (although the city of Toronto required that pedestrians be able to cross through the mall where Albert Street once existed, at any time 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and pedestrians still enjoy this right today). Trinity Square lost its public access to Yonge Street, and became a pedestrian-only square with access via Bay Street.

Many urban planners and designers have long lamented the original exterior design of the Eaton Centre. The complex was oriented inwards, with very few street-related retail stores, windows or even mall entrances to animate the exterior. Much of the Yonge Street faade, facing what was once one of Toronto’s primary shopping thoroughfares, was dominated by a parking garage. At the insistence of the Metro Toronto government, which had jurisdiction over major roads, the complex was set back from Yonge Street. The goal was to eventually add an additional lane to the street. As a result, the complex was set back a considerable distance from Yonge Street, thus further weakening the centre’s streetscape presence.

The office component of the complex was constructed over the years, as follows:

“One Dundas West” (29 storeys) in 1977, designed by Bregman + Hamann Architects and Zeidler Partnership Architects;

“Cadillac Fairview Tower” (36 floors) in 1982, designed by Bregman + Hamann Architects, and Zeidler Partnership Architects; and price of the eaton centre is 1,470,000,000

“250 Yonge Street” (formerly Eaton Tower) (35 storeys) in 1992, designed by Zeidler Partnership Architects, and Crang & Boake.

The Eaton Centre today

Eaton Centre on Boxing Day

Despite the controversy and criticisms, the centre was an immediate success, spawning many different shopping centres across Canada bearing the same brand name of ‘Eaton’. The mall’s profits were said to be so lucrative that the success of the Eaton Centre has often been credited with keeping the troubled Eaton’s chain afloat for another two decades before it finally succumbed to bankruptcy in 1999. Today, the Eaton Centre is one of North America’s top shopping destinations, and is Toronto’s most popular tourist attraction.

Eaton Centre Galleria

One of the most prominent sights in the shopping mall is the group of fibreglass Canada Geese hanging from the ceiling. This sculpture, named Flight Stop, is the work of artist Michael Snow. It was also the subject of an important intellectual property court ruling. One year, the management of the centre decided to decorate the geese with red ribbons for Christmas, without consulting Snow. Snow objected arguing that the ribbons made his naturalistic work “ridiculous” and harmed his reputation as an artist. Snow sued and in Snow v. The Eaton Centre Ltd. the court ruled that even though the Centre owned the sculpture, the ribbons had infringed Snow’s moral rights. The ribbons were ordered removed.

The mall contains a wide selection of 230 stores, restaurants and two foodcourts. The mall is served by two subway stations, Queen and Dundas, located at its southernmost and northernmost points respectively.

With the demise of the Eaton’s chain, the department store space at the north end of the mall is now occupied by Sears Canada, which is the chain’s largest store in the world at about 817,850 square feet (75,981 m2), though they have blocked off the top two floors and the lower two floors were converted to mall space. Shortly after Sears’ acquisition of Eaton’s, the Timothy Eaton statue was moved from the Dundas Street entrance to the Royal Ontario Museum. The complex retains the Eaton Centre name, representing an ongoing tribute to Timothy Eaton and the small shop he once opened at this location.

Redevelopment

The exterior of the Eaton Centre store was designed in the style of the 1970s, intended at that time to be a statement of Eaton’s dominance and its future aspirations. However, the “modern” design of this mustard-coloured box has not aged well and is generally considered (from an architectural perspective) to be a poor replacement for the demolished main store.

In recent years, the Eaton Centre’s owners have redesigned the mall’s Yonge Street faade, bringing it closer to the street and making it more closely resemble an urban shopping district, with stores opening directly onto the street, and presenting a variety of faades to create the perception of an urban streetscape.

The 2006 Christmas tree at the Toronto Eaton Centre, covered in Swarovski crystal ornaments.

Further redevelopments, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, added new retail space. The west side of the…

Lubricants / Motor Oil / Base Oil ,

motor drive, in the field of photography, is a powered film transport mechanism. Historically, film loading, advancing, and rewinding were all manually driven functions. The desires of professional photographers for more efficient shooting, particularly in sports and wildlife photography, and the desires of amateur and novice photographers for easier to use cameras both drove the development of automatic film transport. Some early developments were made with clockwork drives, but most development in the field has been in the direction of electrically driven transport.

At first, motor drives were external units that attached to the basic camera body, normally beneath it, with an interface consisting of a physical drive socket and some electrical contacts to signal the drive when to actuate. Beginning in the late 1970s, motor drives began to be integrated into cameras themselvest first, in compact cameras for the beginner market, and by the 1980s, in amateur-grade and later professional-grade single lens reflex cameras. By the 1990s, the vast majority of 35mm cameras had integral motor drive, and the feature found its way into some medium format cameras as well.

Motor drives for compact and amateur cameras wind slowlyhot-to-shot intervals of approximately a second are commonplace. Professional grade cameras are faster, with speeds up to 10 frames per second. The first 35 mm SLR to achieve such a shooting speed was Canon’s F-1 High Speed Motor Drive camera, first developed for the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan. To enable this speed and allow the photographer to more easily track the moving subject, this camera used a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror instead of a moving mirror. Later special Canon models used similar mechanisms to achieve such speeds, while cameras with moving mirrors reached approximately 5 frames per second by the 1980s. Today, the fastest professional models from Canon and Nikon achieve approximately 10 frames per second with a moving mirror , small gasoline engines .

While digital cameras have nothing to drive and thus no motor, some users continue to refer to continuous shooting modes as “motor drive”. Many camera models refer to different shooting modesingle shot, burst, continuous, self timers drive modes, thus keeping alive the terminology of film , gear wheels .

Categories: Photography equipmentHidden categories: Articles lacking sources (Erik9bot)

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Cars

The vehicles featured in Motor City Online were all American models, ranging from coupes, Coupe Utilities, sedans and station wagons of the 1930s to 1950s, to muscle cars from the 1960s and 1970s. Most of the vehicles could be modified, providing the vehicle with an additional suffix on the vehicle’s name (i.e. “Ford Ranchero Chopped”, “Ford Coupe Bumperless&Fenderless”). Older vehicles could also be available as convertibles, while a handful of older models were also available in the form of a body only. The game also offered rare specialty paint jobs that were very hard to get.

Note

At the end of the run of Motor city online, two foreign cars were available. One was the 99 Mitsubishi Eclipse. The other was the 97 Toyota Supra. Both cars were equipped with V-8 engines.

Awards

E3 2000 Game Critics Awards: Best Racing Game

References

MMOGCHART.COM - Bruce Sterling Woodcock’s tracking of MMOG subscription data. (Some english language.)

IGN Revie , v belt pulleys .

IGN Review - Dead Game , electric boat motors .

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Need for Speed

Classic era

The Need for Speed (1994) Need for Speed II (1997) Hot Pursuit (1998) High Stakes (1999) Porsche Unleashed (2000) Motor City Online (2001) Hot Pursuit 2 (2002)

Underground era

Underground (2003) Underground 2 (2004) Most Wanted (2005) Carbon (2006)

Current

ProStreet (2007) Undercover (2008)

Upcoming

World Online (2009) Shift (2009) Nitro (2009)

Branded

V-Rally (1997) V-Rally 2 (1999)

Misc

List of Need for Speed titles

This Electronic Arts-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: 2001 video games | Massively multiplayer online games | Need for Speed games | Windows games | Electronic Arts stubs

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Subject matter

Texas Monthly also is the self-appointed arbiter of all things culturally Texan, with past articles on Texas BBQ, the Texas Rangers (including Joaquin Jackson’s famous 1994 cover appearance), and Texas musicians.

Texas Monthly’s annual “Bum Steer Awards” poke fun at Texas politicians and policies, odd Texas-related news items and personalities from the previous year. Anna Nicole Smith (prior to her death) was a perennial “winner.” Other Bum Steer ‘Hall of Famers’ include Ross Perot, Tom DeLay, and Jessica Simpson.

The magazine’s current president and editor in chief is Evan Smith, who also hosts the weekly television interview/talk program Texas Monthly Talks. The magazine’s current editor is Jake Silverstein.

Awards

The magazine has received ten National Magazine Awards:

General Excellence - 2009, 2003, 1992, 1990

Public Interest - 1996, for “Not What the Doctor Ordered” by Mimi Swartz

Photography - 1990

Reporting - 1985, for “The Man in the Black Hat” (part 1 and 2) by Paul Burka

Public Service - 1980, for “Why Teachers Can’t Teach” by Gene Lyon , portable gas barbeque .

Reporting - 1979, for a three-part series by Richard Wes , electric barbeque grill .

Outstanding Editorial Achievement in Special Journalism - 1974

A full list of awards is on Texas Monthly’s website.

Archives

The complete archives of Texas Monthly (1972-present) are located at the Wittliff collections of Southwestern Writers, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX.

References

^ Texas Monthly Magazine Archive at The Wittliff Collections, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX

Texas Monthly from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.

Texas Monthly Awards. Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.

External links

TexasMonthly.com - Official site

Texas Monthly Archives at The Wittliff Collections of Southwestern Writers, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX

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Emmis Communications

Radio Stations:

KBPA KDHT KFTK KGSR KIHT KLBJ KLBJ-FM KMVN KPNT KPWR KROX-FM KSHE WFNI WIBC WKQX WLHK WLUP-FM WQHT WRKS WRXP WTHI-FM WWVR WYXB

Magazines:

Atlanta Cincinnati Orange Coast County Sampler Indianapolis Monthly Los Angeles Texas Monthly

Annual Revenue: 373.26 million USD Employees: 1,500 Stock Symbol: NASDAQ: EMMS Website: www.emmis.com

Categories: American magazines | Texas culture | Texas literatureHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2009

Printed Panel ,

vidson County is the name of two counties in the United States:

Davidson County, North Carolina

Davidson County, Tennesse , mounted bottle opener .

This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article , folding colander .

Categories: Place name disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages

Cutlery basket ,

Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is the price of a representative basket of wholesale goods. Some countries (like India and The Philippines) use WPI changes as a central measure of inflation. However, India and the United States now report a producer price index instead.

The Wholesale Price Index or WPI is the price of a representative basket of wholesale goods. Some countries use the changes in this index to measure inflation in their economies, in particular India The Indian WPI figure is released weekly on every thursday and influences stock and fixed price markets. The Wholesale Price Index focuses on the price of goods traded between corporations, rather than goods bought by consumers, which is measured by the Consumer Price Index. The purpose of the WPI is to monitor price movements that reflect supply and demand in industry, manufacturing and construction. This helps in analyzing both macroeconomic and microeconomic conditions.

Calculation of Wholesale Price Index

The wholesale price index consists of over 2,400 commodities. The indicator tracks the price movement of each commodity individually. Based on this individual movement, the WPI is determined through the averaging principle. The following methods are used to compute the WPI:

Laspeyres Formula (relative method):It is the weighted arithmetic mean based on the fixed value-based weights for the base period.

Ten-Day Price Index: Under this method, ample prices with high intra-month fluctuations are selected and surveyed every ten days through phone. Utilizing the data retrieved by this procedure and with the assumption that other non-surveyed “sample prices” remain unchanged, a “ten-day price index” is compiled and released , in wicker basket .

Calculation Method: Monthly price indexes are compiled by calculating the simple arithmetic mean of three ten-day ample prices in the month , wholesale wicker baskets .

See also

Producer price index

Price index

Inflation

This economics or finance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: Economic indicators | Index numbers | Economics and finance stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources (Erik9bot)

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Microsoft Windows

The default location for the taskbar in Microsoft Windows is at the bottom of the screen, and from left to right it contains by default the Start menu button, Quick Launch bar, taskbar buttons, and notification area. The Quick Launch toolbar was added with the Internet Explorer 4 shell update, and is not enabled by default in Windows XP Home Edition or Windows 7.

The taskbar was originally developed as a feature of Windows 95, but it was based on a similar user interface feature called the tray that was developed as part of Microsoft’s Cairo project.

With the release of Windows XP, Microsoft changed the behavior of the taskbar to take advantage of Fitts’ law.

Taskbar element , alarm key pad .

The Start menu, which is accessed by a button on the taskbar, contains commands that can access programs, documents, and settings , usb coffee warmer .

The Quick Launch bar, introduced with Internet Explorer 4, contains shortcuts to applications. Windows provides default entries, such as Launch Internet Explorer Browser, and the user or third-party software may add any further shortcuts that they choose. A single click on the application’s icon in this area launches the application. This section may not always be present: for example it is turned off by default in Windows XP Home Edition and Windows 7, although it can be enabled.

The Windows shell places a taskbar button on the taskbar whenever an application creates an unowned window: that is, a window that doesn’t have a parent and that is created according to normal Windows user interface guidelines. Typically all Single Document Interface applications have a single taskbar button for each open window, although modal windows may also appear there.

Windows XP introduced taskbar grouping, which can group the taskbar buttons of several windows from the same application into a single button. This button pops up a menu listing all the grouped windows when clicked. This keeps the taskbar from being overcrowded when many windows are open at once.

Windows Vista introduced window previews which show thumbnail views of the application in real-time. This capability is provided by the Desktop Window Manager.

Windows 7 introduced jumplists which are menus that provide shortcuts to recently opened documents, or various options which apply to that specific program, that appear when the user right-clicks on an icon in the taskbar or drags the icon upwards with the mouse left click.

Windows 7 introduced the ability to pin applications to the taskbar so that buttons for launching them appear when they are not running. Previously, the Quick launch was used to pin applications to the taskbar, however running programs appeared as a separate button.

Windows 7 removed several classic taskbar features.

Deskbands are minimized functional, long-running programs, such as Windows Media Player. Programs that minimize to deskbands aren’t displayed in the taskbar.

The notification area is the portion of the taskbar that displays icons for system and program features that have no presence on the desktop as well as the time and the volume icon. It contains mainly icons that show status information, though some programs, such as Winamp, use it for minimized windows. By default, this is located in the bottom-right of the primary monitor (or bottom-left on languages of Windows that use right-to-left reading order), or at the bottom of the taskbar if docked vertically. The clock appears here, and applications can put icons in the notification area to indicate the status of an operation or to notify the user about an event. For example, an application might put a printer icon in the status area to show that a print job is under way, or a display driver application may provide quick access to various screen resolutions. The notification area is commonly referred to as the system tray, which Microsoft states is wrong, although the term is sometimes used in Microsoft documentation, articles, and software descriptions. Raymond Chen suggests the confusion originated with systray.exe, a small application that controlled some icons within the notification area in Windows 95.

Starting with Windows XP, the user can choose to always show or hide some icons, or hide them if inactive for some time. A button allows the user to reveal all the icons.

Starting with Windows Vista, the taskbar notification area is split into two areas; one reserved for system icons including clock, volume, network and power. The other is for applications.

Customization

The Windows taskbar can be modified by users in several ways. The position of the taskbar can be changed to appear on any edge of the primary display. Up to and including Windows Server 2008, the taskbar is constrained to single display, although third-party utilities such as UltraMon allow it to span multiple displays. When the taskbar is displayed vertically on versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista, the Start menu button will only display the text “Start” or translated equivalent if the taskbar is wide enough to show the full text. However, the edge of the taskbar (in any position) can be dragged to control its height (width for a vertical taskbar); this is especially useful for a vertical taskbar to show window titles next to the window icons.

Users can resize the height (or width when displayed vertically) of the taskbar up to half of the display area. To avoid inadverdent resizing or repositioning of the taskbar, Windows XP Home Edition locks the taskbar by default. When unlocked, “grips” are displayed next to the movable elements which allow grabbing with the mouse to move and size. These grips slightly decrease amount of available space in the taskbar.

The taskbar as a whole can be hidden until it the mouse pointer is moved to the display edge, or has keyboard focus.

Screenshots

The taskbar in Windows 7 Release Candidate allows large task icons and pinning icons to the taskbar, and hides titles when set to always combine. This screenshot was taken with Aero turned off.

A standard Windows Vista taskbar with two tasks running.

File:Shortened-taskbar2.png

A standard Windows XP taskbar with two tasks running.

The original implementation of the Windows taskbar in Windows 95, with one task running.

Desktop toolbars

Other toolbars, known as “Deskbands”, may be added to the taskbar. Windows includes the following deskbands but does not display them by default (except the Quick Launch toolbar in certain versions and configurations).

Address. Contains an address bar similar to what is found in Internet Explorer.

Windows Media Player. Optionally shown when the Windows Media Player is minimized.

Links. Shortcuts to items located in the users Links folder. Usually shortcuts to internet sites.

Tablet PC Input Panel. Contains a button to show the Tablet PC input panel for ink text entry.

Desktop. Contains shortcuts to items contained on the users desktop. Since the taskbar is always shown, this provides easy access to desktop items without having to minimize applications.

Quick Launch. Contains shortcuts to Internet Explorer, email applications and a link to display the desktop. Windows Vista adds a link to the Flip 3D feature and Snipping tool.

Language. Contains shortcuts to quickly change the desired language for the keyboard to follow.

In addition to deskbands, Windows supports “Application Desktop Toolbars” (also called “appbands”) that supports creating additional toolbars that can dock to any side of the screen, and cannot be overlaid by other applications.

Users can add additional toolbars that display the contents of folders. The display for toolbars that represent folder items (such as Links, Desktop and Quick Launch) can be changed to show large icons and the text for each item. Prior to Windows Vista, the Desktop Toolbars could be dragged off the taskbar and float independently, or docked to a display edge. Windows Vista greatly limited, but did not eliminate the ability to have desktop toolbar not attached to the taskbar.

Upon opening the Taskbar properties on Windows 95 and Windows 98 whilst holding down the CTRL key, an extra tab for DeskBar Options is shown, but no part of it can be used. The DeskBar option was a feature that never got included within these versions of Windows.

Other desktop environments

Acorn Computers

An early implementation of the taskbar concept is seen in Acorn Computers Arthur operating system, which was released in 1987 for their Acorn Archimedes computer. It is called the Iconbar and remains an essential part of Arthur’s succeeding RISC OS operating system. The Iconbar holds icons which represent mounted disc drives and RAM discs, running applications and system utilities. These icons have their own context-sensitive menus and support drag and drop behaviour.

Unix and Unix-like

KDE

In various KDE distributions, the taskbar is run by the Kicker program, which shows rectangular panels that can contain applets, one of which is the taskbar. Applets can be arbitrarily relocated, for instance, the notification area can be moved away from the taskbar. The bar can be placed not only at the bottom, but also at the top or (vertically) at the left or the right and its size can be altered (from 24 to 256 pixels), as well as the length in % of the screen size. And several other bars with various specific functions can be added in different locations, eg, one bar at the left and one at the right or even overlapping (one fixed and one with automatic hiding). Since KDE4, the taskbar is implemented as a plasmoid.

Standard layout…

Mobile Charm/Mobile Phone Charm(YKBR-MPS013) ,



History

In the earliest versions of Windows, a program called MS-DOS Executive provided basic file management and program menu capability. This was eventually replaced by the programs File Manager and Program Manager in Windows 3.0, with the Program Manager taking on the role of the program menu.

The Program Manager was a full windowed application, which required the whole screen to be used effectively. It consisted of a simple multiple document interface which allowed users to open “program groups” and then execute the shortcuts to programs contained within.

Windows 95 was the version in which the Program Manager was superseded by the Start Menu, which condensed the Program Manager into a popup menu that could be accessed at any time, similar to the mechanic and functionality of the Macintosh “Apple Menu”. It also boasted several advantages over the Program Manager, such as the ability to nest groups within other groups, and the ability to add to the Start Menu by dropping objects (program files, document files) onto the Start Button.

Evolution of the Start Men , automatic stirrer .

Later developments in Internet Explorer and subsequent Windows releases have allowed users to customize the Start Menu and access and expand Internet Explorer Favorites, My Documents and Administrative Tools (Windows 2000 and later) from the Start Menu , light gift .

The most significant revision to the Start menu since its inception came in Windows XP. To help the user access a wider range of common destinations more easily, and to promote a greater sense of “personality”, the Start menu was expanded to two columns; the left-hand column focuses on the user’s installed applications, while the right-hand column provides access to the user’s documents, and system functionality. Links to the Documents, Pictures and other Special Folders are brought to the fore. The Computer and Network (Network Neighborhood in Windows 95 and 98) icons were also moved off the Desktop and into the Start menu, making it easier to access these icons while a number of applications are open (they could be restored optionally in the Display Properties control panel “Desktop” settings). Commonly used programs are automatically displayed in the left-hand menu, and the user may opt to “pin” programs to the start menu so that they are always accessible without having to navigate through the Programs folders.

In Windows Vista, the Start Menu has undergone some significant changes, with the taskbar icon no longer labeled “Start” but instead has the Windows pearl orb. At the top level, the Start Menu, as in Windows XP, has two columns of menu choices. Under the default configuration, the “Run,” and “Printers” options do not appear. However, those items can be added to the Start Menu. One of the chief additions with Windows Vista is a Search pane or box, where users may begin typing immediately. The contents of the Start menu itself are indexed and searchable, besides the global search index. If indexing is turned on, the search box returns results on-the-fly as users type into it. This allows the Start menu to act as a fast and powerful application launcher. The Start menu search also doubles as the Run command from previous versions of Windows; simply typing any command will execute it. The Run command can also be added separately to the right column in the Start menu.

Another major change to the Start menu in Windows Vista is that it no longer presents the All programs menu as a horizontally expanding cascading list which utilizes the entire screen space, but instead as a nested folder view with a fixed size. The list of submenus and single items appears over the left column contents with a Back button below it. Subfolders expand and collapse vertically within the list when single-clicked, in a tree-like fashion similar to Windows Explorer. Single items appear at the top and folders appear at the bottom. Hovering the mouse over a folder does not open it, the folder needs to be clicked. A limitation of the new Start menu is that subfolders inside the All Programs menu cannot be opened simply by searching or double clicking. Also, as more programs are installed, a vertical scroll bar appears between the two columns. A dynamically changing icon showing the user’s display picture by default is present at the top of the right column. It changes as users hover over any other item to reflect that item’s icon. The Power button’s action is configurable through Power options in the Control Panel, though the default setting is to put the computer into Sleep mode. Users can quickly lock their user account by pressing the Lock button. Additional power and account related actions are listed in a sub-menu which appears when the small arrow next to the Lock button is clicked.

Like Windows XP, Windows Vista allows users to switch back to the pre-Windows XP style “Classic” Start menu, however, the Search box is not present on the Classic Start menu.

In Windows 7, the classic Start menu has been removed. Several users have protested the removal of an option to enable the classic start menu. Microsoft has stated it is ‘Time to move on’. However the core code for the classic Start menu remains in Windows 7 and it is possible to call it up by modifying the taskbar settings. Third-party Classic Start menu software are also available. Search results are now overlaid on both columns of the Start menu. There is now a single power-related button (instead of two buttons in Windows Vista) with all other power actions accessible from the secondary pop-up menu. The right column links to the respective Libraries instead of ordinary folders. Items on the Start menu also support Jump lists through cascade buttons on their right. However, with the latest update, the classic Start menu has been restored.

Mobile operating systems

The Start menu is also present in releases of Windows CE and Windows Mobile. In Windows Mobile Standard, the version of Windows Mobile for Microsoft specific Smartphones, the Start menu, when invoked, does not produce a list of applications, but instead produces a separate screen of icons. While in Windows CE as well as Windows Mobile Standard operating system releases, the Start menu is located by default at the bottom of the screen, in Windows Mobile Classic and Professional, it is located at the top of the screen.

Technical details

Users may add entries by creating various folders and shortcuts in the Start Menu folder, located in the hard drive. These appear in a separated section at the top of the Start Menu, or, if placed in the Programs sub-folder, in the Programs menu.

In Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me, it is located in %windir%Start Menu, or, if there are multiple users, %windir%ProfilesusernameStart Menu.

In Windows NT 4.0, the folder is located in x:WINNTProfilesusernameStart Menu for individual users, or x:WINNTProfilesAll UsersStart Menu for all users collectively.

In Windows 2000, XP, and Server 2003, the folder is located in x:Documents and SettingsusernameStart Menu for individual users, or x:Documents and SettingsAll UsersStart Menu for all users collectively.

In Windows Vista, the folder is located in x:UsersusernameAppDataRoamingMicrosoftWindowsStart Menu for individual users, or x:ProgramDataMicrosoftWindowsStart Menu for all users collectively.

In all examples above: x: represents the drive letter (C:, D:, etc…), You can access it by clicking on My Computer on the Desktop or Start Menu. username represents the name of the user. These places can be easily accessed by right-clicking on the Start button, and clicking Open or Open All Users.

Note: The folder name Start Menu has a different name on non-English versions of Windows. Thus for example on Chinese (Simplified) versions of Windows XP it is x:Documents and Settingsusername. This means any simple batch file that expects to find it under the name “Start Menu” will fail when run on these non-English versions of Windows. The Desktop folder similarly has different names. Windows installers generally use the Windows API to find out the real names and locations of the Start Menu and Desktop folders.

Symbolism

The “Start Button” and its menu were lauded as a leap forward in user friendliness and interface design when they were first introduced in Windows 95. The symbol of the Start Button was, and still is, used to advertise the product. Furthermore, Microsoft has embraced the word “start” as their “catch word”, and it is frequently used in their advertising even today.[citation needed]

Undocumented features

There are some undocumented features of the Start Menu, and opportunities for customization. For instance, in Classic Start Menu mode, dragging a file or program onto the Start Button creates a top-level Start Menu item. Shortcuts on the Start Menu folder with keyboard shortcut key(s) assigned respond throughout the Windows environment. The Windows Power Toy TweakUI offers many other customizations, including speeding up the response time of the Start Menu, window animation, and other “power user” hacks. On Windows XP and Windows Vista, it is possible to prevent specific applications from appearing in the recent programs list by modifying the Windows registry. Many more tips and tricks are documented on the Web.

List of Window Managers that provide a start menu

icewm

fvwm95

jwm

qvwm

xpwm

See also

Taskbar

References

^ Keith Combs (August 23, 2006). “Windows Vista Aero Glass and Usability screencast”. Channel 9. Microsoft. http://channel9.msdn.com/ShowPost.aspx?PostID=228883. Retrieved on 2006-11-04.

^ Emulating the classic start menu in Windows…

Portable player PR-C001 ,



Background and history

Button Men is a game designed for fan conventions and other public venues. It can be played almost anywhere on short notice (provided the dice are at hand), and games are quick to complete. Buttons are meant to be worn on clothing, bags, or other accessories, advertising that the wearer has a button to play with and is open to challenges. Buttons also frequently advertise something else, such as a company, a webcomic, or another game. The Sluggy Freelance set of buttons, for example, features characters from that comic, and the Brawl set features characters from another Cheapass game. In 2000, Button Men won the Origins Awards for Best Abstract Board Game of 1999 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board Game 1999.

Button Men can easily be extended simply by creating more buttons. It has continued to be so extended since its inception; as of 2004[update], over 200 buttons have been printed. Many are by now out of print, though many others are still available, primarily via purchase from the Cheapass Games web site. Companies other than Cheapass must pay a licensing fee to use the Button Men artwork in distributing their own buttons.

Button Men Online, a website developed by Dana Huyler and officially endorsed by Cheapass Games, allows users to play games over the internet via a web-based interface with e-mailed notifications. Button Men Online features most of the printed buttons, an additional 250+ “buttons” that exist only on the site, and a random button generator. In 2003, Button Men Online won the Origins Award for Best Play-by-mail Game of 2002.

In 1999 Pyramid magazine named Button Men as one of the Millennium’s Best Games. Editor Scott Haring said “This game just gets more and more impressive every time I look at it. … the idea is so simple, and the strategy so subtle . . . I’ve never figured out exactly how to master this game, and I suspect that’s because there is no good way to do so. , upholstery webbing .

Gamepla , phone key pad .

Players play several rounds, first rolling a set of Dice, and then playing several turns in which they target their opponent Dice with their own to capture, take control of, or neutralize them, based on their current values. The first player to win three rounds wins the game.

Set up

At the start of a game, players select a fighter and collect the necessary dice (see he Dice, below). Players keep the same fighter throughout the game.

The Dice

Each player starts each round with several Dice of various sizes (maximum values), each represented by one or more physical ice (any random number generator with a uniform distribution from one to a given value), as specified by the numbers and letters on his fighter button.

Basic Dice: When a Die is specified by a number, the player must use a die of that size.

Swing Dice: When a Die is specified by a letter (a Turbo, Turbo Swing, or Mood Swing Die), the player, must select a die with an integral size from the upper through the lower limits indicated:

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

2-16

6-20

2-12

8-30

6-12

4-12

4-20

1-20

4-30

If a fighter has more than one Swing Die of a given letter, each of those dice must be the same.

Option Dice: When a Die is specified by two values separated by a line, the player must select one die of either size.

Twin Dice: When a Die is specified by two numbers in an oblong frame, they player must use two dice of those sizes. These are played for all purposes (rolled, targeted, scored, etc.) as a single Die.

Additional symbols specify special Dice, with special abilities defined below. Though (with the exception of Auxiliary, Reserve, and Winslow Dice) these abilities do not require selection of dice beyond those listed above, players may find it convenient to use different colored dice to distinguish them from other dice. Players may make new selections (e.g. for Swing and Option Dice, a Reserve Die, or any other special dice with variable powers or sizes) at the start of each round. However, in tournament play, the winner of the previous round must always reset to the dice he started that round with. Any sizes (e.g., Turbo Swing, Mood Swing, Mighty, etc.) or abilities (e.g., Rage, Thief, etc.) that changed during the previous round are reset, and all dice are returned to their original owners.

Starting a round

Take all of your fighter dice and roll them. Whoever rolled the single lowest number will go first. If the lowest Dice are tied, compare the next lowest dice, and so on until a leader is determined. (Note that certain special Dice are not used in determining who goes first.)

The Turn

Starting with the player who gained initiative, players take turns during which the current player must take one of the following actions, if possible.

Normal Attacks (unless otherwise stated, all Dice may make these attacks):

Power Attack: Use one Die (except a Shadow Die) to capture one target Die of equal or lower value. Then re-roll the capturing Die.

Skill Attack: Use several Dice to capture one target Die of value exactly equal to the sum of their values. Then re-roll the capturing Dice.

Special Attacks (only specified Dice may make these attacks):

Shadow Attack: Use one Shadow Die to capture one target Die, where the target Die’s value is between the attacking Shadow Die’s value and size, inclusive. Then re-roll the capturing Die.

Speed Attack: Use one Speed Die to capture any number of target Dice whose values add up exactly to its value. Then re-roll the capturing Die.

Trip Attack: Roll one Trip Die and one target Die. Then, if the Trip Die is now of equal or greater value than the target, the target is captured. (Can only be made if there is a non-zero chance of capture.)

Thief Attack: Use a Thief Die to take control of a target Die of equal or lower value. The Thief Die can no longer be used or attacked.

Berserk Attack: Use a Berserker Die to perform a Speed Attack, then, before re-rolling, replace the attacking Die with a non-Berserker Die half its size (rounded up).

Sleep Attack: Roll one Sleep Die and one target Die of greater value. The target die may not be used on its owner next turn.

Teleport (only Teleport Dice take this action): Swap one Teleport Die with a target Die, which now becomes a Teleport Die. Then re-roll the new Die.

Round end

Scoring: When both players pass, the round is over. For each Die a player captured, he scores its size in points. For each Die under his control (not in reserve), he scores half its size. The highest score wins the round, and the first player to win three rounds wins the game. (Poison, Deception, and Value Dice are scored differently.)

Ties: If any round is a draw, re-play it.

Special Dice

Special Dice, with abilities that modify the rules above, are indicated in a variety of ways, usually with a combination of symbol and changed field color (which varies from one set to another).

In brief these abilities are:

Armor: Value is added to non-Armor Dice in defense.

Auxiliary: An additional optional Die the players may agree to use before a game.

Berserker: No Skill Attack, Berserk Attack

Chance: If player will not be going first: May re-roll one Chance. Opponent may follow suit.

Constant: Only rolled at start of round. No Power Attack; in Skill Attacks, may be subtracted from attack total (which may never be <1)

Deception: Worth 4 for scoring.

Evil: Can make simultaneous Power Attacks, No Skill Attack.

Fire: No Power Attack. May increase values of attacking Dice (up to their size) in Power or Skill Attack adjusting own value downward accordingly.

Focus: If player will not be going first, and doing so would acquire it: May reduce values of any Focus Dice. Opponent my follow suit. Reduced Dice may not be used in first attack.

Game: Once per game: may re-roll Game Dice at any time.

Insult: Cannot be captured by Skill attacks.

Loaded: Value always equals size.

Mighty: Whenever re-rolled for any reason: replace with the next largest regular die.

Mood Swing: Size must be changed randomly, with equal likelihood, to a regular size in the specified range, before each re-roll.

Morphing: After Morphing Dice are used in an attack, they become the same size as the Die that was captured.

Null: Null Dice are worth no points and any Dice they capture are worth no points.

Ornery: Ornery Dice re-roll after every turn, whether they took part in an attack or not

Plasma: At the start of a game, and after each lost round (or after more that three tied rounds), a player can select which set of skills are active for the next round.

Poison: Captured Poison Dice are worth minus their face value; controlled Poison dice are worth minus their face value.

Queer: Queer Dice behave like Shadow Dice when they show an odd number.

Rage: Do not towards going first. Becomes a normal Die once used in an attack. If captured, is replaced by a normal Die of the same size.

Rebound: Re-roll when captured; If the die roll is higher than its value before re-roll it captures the largest attacking die.

Reserve: Reserve Dice are set aside at the start of the game. After losing a round, one Reserve may be added to the Dice under the player control for the remainder of the game.

Shadow: No Power Attack; Shadow Attack.

Sleep: Do not count towards going first. Sleep Attack.

Slow: Do not count towards going first.

Specialty: Can be one type of Dice from the following: Insult, Loaded,…

Activated Carbon Pleated Panel Prefilter ,

www.google.com/base/a/Georg.Webb/1134698/D6880157079763137112

“A shirt pocket phone to call anyone in the world, at any time”

- George Harry Sweigert, Cleveland Plain Dealer (June 1966)

Born

February 2, 1920(1920-02-02)

Akron, Ohi , nylon filter .

Die , flow sensors .

February 23, 1999 (aged 79)

Fort Wayne, Indiana

Occupation

Inventor, Scientist

Religious beliefs

Deist

George H. Sweigert (19201999) is widely credited as the first inventor to hold a patent for the invention of the cordless telephone. Google Patents link here. []

Born in Akron, Ohio, Sweigert served for four years in the US Army as a radio operator in World War II in Guadalcanal, Bouganville, and New Georgia (assigned to the 145th Headquarters Company under the 37th Infantry Division (United States)). Following the war Sweigert attended Bowling Green State University (near Toledo, Ohio).

Sweigert credited his military service for invention of the radio telephone, citing experimentation with various antennas, signal frequencies, and types of radios.

Contents

1 Cordless phone

1.1 Patent

2 Early Role Models

3 Wireless Networking

4 Later Years

5 Trivia

6 References

7 See also

8 External links

//

Cordless phone

In the patent application submitted on June 10, 1966 to the US Trade and Patent Office, Sweigert submitted a working model of the phone in addition to the required description. A Cleveland Plain Dealer article published shortly after the patent was filed documented the first public demonstration of the cordless phone with a picture of the device and the inventor.

The Cleveland Plain Dealer article cited that Sweigert actually used a part from his washing machine for the invention - the solenoid used to lift the phone’s receiver when a current was sensed in the induction coil. Sweigert, who suffered severe back pain from a war injury, saw the device primarily helping handicapped and elderly people.

It is also worth noting that Sweigert held two amateur radio licenses: W8ZIS (Ohio) and N9LC (Indiana). He was an amateur extra radio operator, the highest class of amateur radio. He also held a First Class Radiotelephone Operator’s Permit.

Patent

US 3,449,750 — Duplex Radio Communication and Signalling Appartus — G. H. Sweigert

Source: US Patent Trade Office

Early Role Models

Sweigert’s heroes included Samuel Morse, Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Lee DeForest, Edwin Armstrong, Albert Einstein, and Philo Taylor Farnsworth. Sweigert was coincidentally born in the same city that hosts the National Inventors Hall of Fame, Akron, Ohio.

Sweigert studied the life stories of these inventors, and he frequently would recount the early technical and legal struggles of these inventors to get their inventions patented and protected.

Edison’s early technical struggles with full duplex (two way) communication was another favorite subject, born out of Edison’s desire to “speed up” telegraphic conversations by sending and receiving at the same time. Whether Edison could actually perform this telegraphic feat has never documented, but Sweigert credited this story with his inspiration for a full duplex cordless telephone. Sweigert studied how duplexes reduced frustrations dealing with technologies, going all the way back to the early days of telegraphy.

Sweigert admired Alexander Graham Bell’s work with the deaf as an inspiration for development of the telephone. One of Sweigert’s sons is hearing impaired. This may explain Sweigert’s intricate use of amplifiers in the initial invention. Sweigert was physically disabled, and saw the cordless phone as a similar to the telephone in terms of motivation and inspiration for the development of the invention. Sweigert sided with Alexander Graham Bell in the Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy, although Elisha Gray was another Cleveland inventor. He did credit Gray with being the first to come up with a way of multiplexing several messages simultaneously on the same wire.

He also enjoyed the fact that Bell was a complete amateur compared with professional established laboratories of Elisha Gray and super-inventor Thomas Edison. He greatly admired Edison’s work on improving the vibrating diaphragm to vary the induced resistance from varying frequency in the voice. He frequently cited Bell besting Edison on the invention of the telephone as Edison’s motivation to invent the phonograph. He expressed dismay how Bell missed inventing the phonograph after his frequent lectures about visualizing audio waves and electrically reproducing them. Sweigert credited being able to visualize human voice waveforms as another key in perfecting the cordless phone.

Sweigert also admired Edwin Armstrong and his invention of FM radio. Armstrong’s concept of the superheterodyne receiver to filter out noise and amplify the original signal is used in the cordless phone. He also admired Armstrong’s courage to challenge the status quo of AM radio and its powerful leader, David Sarnoff.

Wireless Networking

Sweigert’s philosophy was “the simpler, the better, as could be understood by a child”. He often recounted Einstein’s experience of reading a children’s story about a child racing a telegraph signal going through a wire. Sweigert’s eureka moment for the cordless phone was similar, imagining the human voice waveform for a word as a short “worm” traveling through the air and then the wire, linking the words together to reproduce a conversation. He envisioned a home where all kinds of devices generated “message worms” to share the electromagnetic spectrum, foreshadowing Ethernet.

His later years were spent trying to perfect antennae designs, applying the work of James Clerk Maxwell’s work on electromagnetic theory and Maxwell’s Equations. His persistent frustration after the invention of the cordless phone was not being able to do the advanced calculus required by these equations for advanced antennae design.

Sweigert predicted that half of the people in the world would own a wireless phone in the time of his children. With the current world population of wireless phones at 3.2 Billion in 2008, he was probably not far wrong with this prediction. He predicted integrated cameras, GPS, accelerometers, and other advanced sensors in the 1969 moon lander would be integrated into the wireless phone. Sweigert received notice of his patent approval the same day of the first moon landing on June 20, 1969.

Later Years

Sweigert greatly admired Philo Farnsworth for his invention of television, and more specifically his work with the cathode ray tube and the electronic amplifier. Sweigert nicknamed his oscilloscope in his home electronics lab “Philo” in honor of Philo Farnsworth, critical to Sweigert for visualizing his “word worms”. He also admired Farnsworth for his ability to challenge RCA, founding the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation in Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1938. While reading about Farnsworth and his later work on submarine detection equipment, he was led to a research and development position with Magnavox Corporation in Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1969.

Sweigert took the R&D position with Magnavox Corporation in 1969 in Fort Wayne to work on Army field radios for soldiers in the Vietnam War. He sympathized with the soldiers fighting in the Vietnam jungles which were similar to the jungle conditions he fought in at Guadalcanal and Bougainville Island in the Second World War. Magnavox field radios were key to the US Army for the entire Vietnam War. Sweigert was fascinated by the development of the integrated circuit and its potential uses to reduce the size of electronic products. He was friends with many of the people involved in the founding of Bowmar Instrument Corporation in Fort Wayne, the makers of the first electronic pocket calculator, or more popularly known as the Bowmar Brain.

Sweigert taught electronics at the vocational college level in his later years for ITT Technical Institute in Fort Wayne despite his physical disability. He credited ITT for purchasing the Farnsworth Television from Philo Farnsworth, enabling him to finally receive compensation for his invention. Sweigert sympathized with the struggles in the later life of Edwin Armstrong and wanted to avoid a similar fate in his own life.

Trivia

Sweigert also admired Guglielmo Marconi for his work with wireless telegraphy. He was internally conflicted on whether Nikola Tesla or Marconi should be credited with the invention of radio.

References

^ US Patent Number 3,449,750 DUPLEX RADIO COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING APPARATUS FOR PORTABLE TELEPHONE … G. H. SWEIGERT

^ Viewable image of the original patent application;

^ Patent image, US Patent Trade Office

See also

Telecommunications

Radio

History of radio

Cordless telephone

External links

Carterphone Decision

YouTube Video

One of Sweigert’s four sons continued his tradition in amateur radio

US Patent Number 3,449,750 DUPLEX RADIO COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING APPARATUS FOR PORTABLE TELEPHONE … G. H. SWEIGERT

Categories: 1920 births | 1999 deaths | Telephony equipment | Telecommunications history | History of radio | American inventors | Amateur radio people