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I want to introduct something about Men’s, Toddler’s, Short Sleeve T-Shirts ( 100% Cotton).

SKU 2487 - Mens contrast needle stitching cut -n-sewn short sleeve t-shirt. 100% cotton Jersey knit 200gms short sleeve contrast needle t-shirt with a cut-n-sewn detail, comes packed 4 colors 3-6-6-3 m-xxl breakdown per color into a 6 dozen master case prepack, also note that these garments are barcodedSKU 631 - Toddlers short sleeve T-shirt 100% cotton comes in color light blue. Logo on frontal view. Size scale 2, 2, 2. 2T,3T,4TSKU 278 - JVC Mobile black T-shirts. Come in size X large. Bright red, yellow, and orange on black background.


Napier Girls’ High School

Motto

Ad Lucem”Towards the Light”

Type

State, Girls, Secondary with boarding facilities

Year established

1884

Address

Clyde Road,Napier,New Zealand

Coordinates

Principal

Mrs Mary Nixon

School roll

888

Socio-economic decile (10 is highest)

8

Ministry of Education Institution no.

217

Website

http://www.nghs.school.nz/

Napier Girls High School is a state secondary school on Clyde Road, Napier, New Zealand. It had a school roll of 888 in 2007.

Contents

1 Houses

2 History

3 Uniform

4 Notable ex-pupils

5 References

6 External links

//


Houses

There are house competitions in place with the four houses being:

Blue

Red

Green

Gold

History

In July 1883 plans were submitted to the Board of Governors for a school for girls in Napier, and the following month the Board advertised for a Lady principal who would be required to teach English, Latin, French and Mathematics and take charge of the Boarding establishment. Miss M.E. Hewett was appointed, and the school opened on January 29, 1884. The original school course included English, French, Latin, German, Drawing, Singing and Calisthenics. Thirty nine pupils were on the books that first day, and one boarder was enrolled.

The original school building had classrooms on the ground floor, and rooms for the boarders upstairs. It stood where the main hostel building, Hewett House, now stands. It was badly damaged in the 1931 Hawke’s Bay earthquake, and had to be demolished. The main building of the present school, named Spencer Building after Miss A.E.J. Spencer, the school’s third principal, stands in what was the original playing area of the first school.

The school hall features a large painting by renowned New Zealand artist, Rita Angus.

Uniform

Napier Girls’ High has a summer uniform worn in terms 1 and 4, and a winter uniform worn in terms 2 and 3. The summer uniform is a blue skirt with a white short sleeve blouse and blue sandals. The winter uniform is a Napier tartan kilt with a white long sleeve blouse, blue/white stripped tie and blue jersey with blue socks or black tights and black shoes.

Notable ex-pupils

Emma Twigg - Olympic rower

References

^ “Study for memorial mural, Napier Girls’ High School”. Te Papa Tongarewa. http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/exhibitions/RitaAngus/Artworks.aspx?irn=774. Retrieved on 2009-02-04.

External links

Schools Website

Categories: Schools in New Zealand | Boarding schools in New Zealand | Girls’ schools in New Zealand | Educational institutions established in 1926 | Hawke’s Bay | Secondary schools in New Zealand(and so on)
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I want to introduct something about Alpha Linolenic Acid( Vitamin F).

Our company is the leading enterprise in the development, manufacture and supply of the health function product. The Linolenic acid is our main patent products. The linolenic acid we supply is direct extract from the natural herb–Perilla by CO2 supercritical fluid extraction technology. linolenic acid is necessary for human health but cannot be manufactured by the human body. Is an essential fatty acid, which is also termed as Vitamin F. The linolenic acid can improving hair and skin, reducing blood pressure, lowering cholesterol & triglycerides and reducing the risk of blood clots. Many countries have the legislation that the designated food products must be added the Linolenic acid before sales. The specification of our main products are as following: Omega 3 Linolenic acid Powder 47% 70% Omega-3 Linolenic acid Oil Feed grade 30% 40% 50% Omega-3 Linolenic acid Oil Food grade 60% 65% 75% 80% Omega-3 Linolenic acid Oil Pharmaceutical grade 70% 85% 90% Omega-6 Linoleic acid Powder 52%




A leather “Newmarket headcollar” (UK) or “stable halter” (US) for horses

A halter, headcollar, or, less often, headstall, is headgear that is used to lead or tie up livestock and, occasionally, other animals; it fits behind the ears (behind the poll), and around the muzzle. To handle the animal, usually a lead rope or lead shank is attached. On smaller animals, such as dogs, a leash is attached to the halter.

Contents

1 History

2 Uses

3 Construction

4 Horse halters

5 Uses

6 Safety and security issues

7 See also

8 References

//


History



A show halter on a Murray Grey bull



Sheep wearing a cotton rope halter.

Halters may be as old as the early domestication of animals, and their history is not as well studied as that of the bridle or hackamore. The word “halter” derives from the Germanic words meaning “that by which anything is held.”

Uses

A halter is used to lead and tie up an animal. It is used on many different types of livestock. Halters are most closely associated with Equidae such as horses, donkeys, and mules. However, they are also used on farm animals such as cattle and goats and other working animals such as camels, llamas, and yaks. Halters generally are not used on elephants or on predators, though there are halters made for dogs.



Dog wearing a halter-style collar.

Halters are often plain in design, used as working equipment on a daily basis. In addition to the halter, a lead line, lead shank or lead rope is required to actually lead or tie the animal. It is most often attached to the halter at a point under the jaw, or less often, at the cheek, usually with a snap, but occasionally spliced directly onto the halter. A standard working lead rope is approximately 9 to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7m) long.

However, specially designed halters, sometimes highly decorated, are used for in-hand or “halter” classes at horse shows and in other livestock shows. When an animal is shown in an exhibition, the show halter is fitted more closely than a working halter and may have a lead shank that tightens on the head so that commands from the handler may be more discreetly transmitted by means of the leadline. A shank that tightens on the animal’s head when pulled is not used for tying the animal.

Halters are designed to catch, hold, lead and tie animals, and nothing else. However, some people ride horses using a halter instead of a bridle. In most cases, it is not safe to ride in an ordinary stable halter because it fits loosely and provides no leverage to the rider should a horse panic or bolt. It is particularly unsafe if the lead rope is used as a single rein, attached to the leading ring under the jaw.

Construction



Horse wearing a nylon web halter (US) or headcollar (headstall).

Halters may be classified into two broad categories, depending on whether the material used is flat or round. Materials include cured leather, rawhide, rope, and many different fibers, including nylon, polyester, cotton, and jute. Leather and rawhide may be flat or rolled. Fibers may be woven into flat webbing or twisted into round rope. Flat or round dictates the construction method: flat materials normally are sewn to buckles or rings at attachment points; round materials are knotted or spliced. Knotted halters often are made from a single piece of rope.

Horse halters



An Arabian horse in a stylized show halter



Horse shown in hand, wearing a Yorkshire halter.

Horse halters are sometimes confused with a bridle. The primary difference between a halter and a bridle is that a halter is used by a handler on the ground to lead or tie up an animal, but a bridle is generally used by a person who is riding or driving an animal that has been trained in this use. A halter is safer than a bridle for tying, as the bit of a bridle may injure the horse’s mouth if the horse sets back while tied with a bridle, and in addition, many bridles are made of lighter materials and will break. On the other hand, a bridle offers more precise control.

One common halter design is made of either flat nylon webbing or flat leather, has a noseband that passes around the muzzle with one ring under the jaw, usually used to attach a lead rope, and two rings on either side of the head. The noseband is usually adjusted to lie about halfway between the end of the cheekbones and the corners of the mouth, crossing over the strong, bony part of the face. The noseband connects to a cheekpiece on either side that go up next to the cheekbone to meet with a ring on either side that usually is placed just above the level of the eye. These rings meet the throatlatch and the crownpiece. The crownpiece is a long strap on the right-hand side of the halter that goes up behind the ears, over the poll and is buckled to a shorter strap coming up…(and so on)
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I want to introduct something about PVC marble foil.

10.Printed PVC Films Features: 1) Size: 0.08mm x 45cm 2) Good quality 3) Barcode and Logo printed on 4) Widely used in indoor decorations 5) Hundreds of designs available, like marble printing, wood grain printing, flowerprinting, scenery printing, cartoon printing, etc. 6) Special sizes and packages according to customers’ requirements Inner packing: Shrinkable film Outer packing: Seaworthy carton PVC marble foil mo


Package cushioning is used to help protect fragile items during shipment. It is not uncommon for a transport package to be dropped, kicked, and impacted: These events may produce potentially damaging shocks. Transportation vibration from conveyors, trucks, railroads, or aircraft can also damage some items. Shock and vibration are controlled by cushioning so that the chance of product damage is greatly reduced.

Cushioning is usually inside a shipping container such as a corrugated box. It is designed to deform or crush to help keep levels of shock and vibration below levels that which may damage the product inside the box. Depending on the specific situation, package cushioning can often be between two and three inches thick.

Internal packaging materials (sometimes the same ones used for cushioning) are also used for functions other than cushioning. Some are used just to immobilize the products in the box and to block them in place. Others are just used to fill a void and do not have a cushioning function.



Molded expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) cushioning

Contents

1 Design factors

2 Common Types of Cushioning

3 Design for Shock Protection

4 Design for Vibration Protection

5 Evaluation of Finished Package

6 See also

7 ASTM Standards

8 Notes

9 Further reading

10 External links

//


Design factors

When designing packaging, the choice of cushioning may depend on many factors:

effective protection of product from shock and vibration

whether cushioning is resilient (performs for multiple impacts)

resistance to creep cushion deformation under static load

material costs

labor costs, productivity

effects of temperature , humidity, and air pressure on cushioning

cleanliness of cushioning (dust, insects, etc)

effect on size of external shipping container

environmental and recycling issues

sensitivity of product to static electricity.

etc

Common Types of Cushioning

Loose Fill - Some cushion products are flowable and are packed loosely around the items in the box. The box is closed to tighten the pack. This includes expanded polystyrene foam pieces (Foam peanuts), similar pieces made of starch based foams, and common Popcorn.

Paper - Paper can be manually or mechanically wadded up and used as a cushioning material. Heavier grades of paper provide more weight bearing ability than old newspapers. Creped cellulose wadding is also available.

Corrugated fiberboard pads - Multi-layer or cut-and-folded shapes of corrugated board can be used as cushions. These structures are designed to crush and deform under shock stress and provide some degree of cushioning. Honeycomb paper structures are also used for cushioning.

Foam structures - Several types of polymeric foams are used for cushioning. The most common are: Expanded Polystyrene (also Styrofoam), polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyurethane. These can be molded engineered shapes or sheets which are cut and glued into cushion structures.

Foam-in-place is another method of using polyurethane foams. These fill the box, fully encapsulating the product to immobilize it. It is also used to form engineered structures.

Inflated Products - Bubble Wrap consists of sheets of plastic film with enclosed ubbles of air. These sheets can be layered or wrapped around items to be shipped. Engineered inflated structures are also available. Note that inflated air pillows used for void-fill are not suited for cushioning.

Molded pulp -



Molded pulp cushioning

Pulp can be molded into shapes suitable for cushioning and for immobilizing products in a package. Molded pulp is made from recycled newspapers and is recyclable.

Other - Several other types of cushioning are available including suspension cushions, thermoformed end caps, and shock mounts.

Design for Shock Protection

Proper performance of cushioning is dependent on its proper design and use. It is often best to use a trained packaging engineer, reputable vendor, consultant, or independent laboratory. An engineer needs to know the severity of shock (drop height, etc) to protect against. This can be based on an existing specification, published industry standards and publications, field studies, etc.

Knowledge of the product to be packaged is critical. Field experience may indicate the types of damage previously experienced. Laboratory analysis can help quantify the fragility of the item, often reported in g-s. Engineering judgment can also be an excellent starting point. Sometimes a product can be made more rugged or can be supported to make it less susceptible to breakage.

The amount of shock transmitted by a particular cushioning material is largely dependent on the thickness of the cushion, the drop height, and the load bearing area of…(and so on)
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I want to introduct something about Color Masterbatch for Sun Sheet.

Charming sunshine board series color masterbatch is used for the coloration of the PC sunshine board and meter panels, with high-temperature resistance, good appearance and other excellent performances. Product series: CB series: applicable to sun sheetPacking and storage: The product is packaged with two layers, preventing from water and moisture. The standard package is 25kg/ bag. Please stored in a dry place with good ventilation and padded to prevent weather damage. The color of the masterbatch can be preserved for up to five years. When it is opened for use, the remaining parts must be repacked, to avoid duct pollution and moisture absorption.


United We Stand is a Manchester United fanzine which first appeared on the streets of Manchester in the autumn of 1989. It was started by 15-year-old fan Andy Mitten, great-nephew of the former Manchester United winger Charlie Mitten. The first issue sold 100 copies, but it developed to become one of the best selling football fanzines in Great Britain.

The fanzine is produced ten times a year during the football season. It features interviews with players or Manchester United supporting personalities and counts the The Daily Telegraph journalist Jim White as a monthly columnist. Mitten is perhaps better known as a football journalist and author, although he still edits the publication and writes in each issue.

United We Stand opposed the takeover of Manchester United in 2005 by American businessman Malcolm Glazer.

A variety of opinions are afforded space in the publication, although it has always supported the sentiments of IMUSA and MUST. United We Stand often works with the two other Manchester United fanzine Red Issue and Red News to support these groups.

Content

The fanzine’s content and tone is markedly different to Red Issue and Red News. Topics covered include football, music, fashion and other forms of popular culture. Editorial policy is generally less critical of the club than the other major United fanzines, but UWS represents a broad cross-section of views on issues affecting the club, team and supporters.

The fanzine is complemented by a web site, UWSonline, hosted by the Rivals network. Launched in 2000, the web site’s forum is a virtual meeting place for many contributors to the fanzine.

UWSonline regulars meet regularly at the Stoat & Helmet public house on Swan Street, Manchester.

As at 2008, United We Stand costs ?2 per copy and contains approximately 44 pages.

Categories: Magazines established in 1989 | Fanzines | Manchester United F.C.(and so on)
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I want to introduct something about Handmade Straw Bags (H1009).

We are manufacturer of handmade straw bags, handbags & backpacks. The materials are paper straw, corn husk(maize leaf), wheat straw, raffia, canvas, denim, plastic, threads & etc. We have our own designer, and please visit our web for more details. We have exported our products to worldwide for more than 10 year




Radio station motor-generator set, converting from low to the high voltage power supply. This device is also called umformer. Dendorf Museum of Military Aviation

A motor-generator (an M-G set or a dynamotor for dynamo-motor) is a device for converting electrical power to another form. In some contexts, the other form is mechanical energy; in other contexts, it is a different form of electricity. The two senses refer to different types of equipment.

The M-G set is used to convert frequency, voltage, and phase of power. They may also be used to provide complete line isolation in addition to the various types of power conversion and control. Large motor-generators were widely used to convert industrial amounts of power while smaller motor-generators (such as the one shown in the picture) were used to convert battery power to higher DC voltages.

By comparison, simple, low-powered consumer electronics devices like vacuum tube car radios did not use motor-generators. Instead, they would typically use an inverter circuit consisting of a vibrator (a self-exciting relay) and a transformer to produce the B+ voltages required for the vacuum tubes.

A motor-generator is physically different from a normal electric motor attached to a separate generator, in that both rotor coils of the motor and the generator are wound around a single rotor, and both coils share the same outer field coils or magnets. Typically the motor coils are driven from a commutator on one end of the shaft, when the generator coils output to another commutator on the other end of the shaft. The entire rotor and shaft assembly is only slightly larger in size than in a normal electric motor, and may not have any exposed drive shafts.

Contents

1 Conversion to/from mechanical energy

2 Electrical power handling

3 Conversions

4 Motor-generators used to increase Ride-Through

5 The motor-generator today

6 See also

//


Conversion to/from mechanical energy

In the context of hybrid vehicles and other lightweight power systems, a motor-generator is used to describe a single power transducer that can be used as either an electric motor or a generator, converting between electrical power and mechanical power. In principle, any electrical generator can also serve as an electric motor, or vice versa. A device that is specifically designed for use in either mode may be called a “motor-generator”; the literature distributed by Toyota to describe the Hybrid Synergy Drive is an example of this newer usage.

Electrical power handling

In the context of electric power generation and large fixed electrical power systems, a motor-generator consists of an electric motor mechanically coupled to an electric generator (or alternator). The motor runs on the electrical input current while the generator creates the electrical output current, with power flowing between the two machines as a mechanical torque; this provides electrical isolation and some buffering of the power between the two electrical systems. One use of this type of motor-generator is to eliminate spikes and variations in “dirty power” or to provide phase matching between different electrical system; another is to buffer extreme loads on the power system. For example, tokamak fusion devices impose very large peak loads, but relatively low average loads, on the electrical grid. The DIII-D and Princeton Large Torus (PLT) tokamaks used a large flywheel on multiple motor-generator rigs to level the load imposed on the electrical system: the motor side slowly accelerated a large flywheel to store energy, which was consumed rapidly during a fusion experiment as the generator side acted as a brake on the flywheel. Similarly, the next generation U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) will use a flywheel motor-generator rig to supply power instantaneously for aircraft launches at greater than the ship’s installed generator capacity.

Conversions

Motor-generators may be used for various conversions including:

Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)

DC to AC

DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage

AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonically-related frequency

Motor-generators used to increase Ride-Through

Motor-generators have even been used where the input and output currents are essentially the same. In this case, the mechanical inertia of the M-G set is used to filter out transients in the input power. The resulting output power can be (electrically) very clean (noise free) and will be able to ride-through brief blackouts and switching transients on the input power. This may enable, for example, the flawless cut-over from mains power to AC power provided by a diesel generator set.

The motor-generator set may contain a large flywheel to improve its ride-through; however, consideration must be…(and so on)
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I want to introduct something about Die Cut Sticker.

Place of Origin: China Certification: 123 Brand Name: JE Model Number: 009 Price Terms: FOB xiamen USD 0.01~1.0 Terms of Payment: T/T Supply Ability: 20000 Piece/Pieces per Week Minimum Order: 500 Piece/Pieces Delivery Lead Time: 15 days Die Cut Sticker: 1) As per your design 2) Various colors vinyl available 3) Difference sizes available




Kurt Frederick Ludwig

Kurt Frederick Ludwig (1903-?) was a German spy and the head of the “Joe K” spy ring in the United States in 1940-41.

The ring was known as Joe K because it was the signature used in letters sent to Berlin addresses giving information on Allied shipping in New York Harbor. Ludwig also used the code name Fouzie and at least 50 to 60 other aliases, both male and female.

Contents

1 Early life and career

2 Setting up the ring

3 The search for the spy ring

4 An accident in Times Square

5 Investigation

6 Surveillance

7 Associates

8 Flight and capture

9 Trial and conviction

10 External links

//


Early life and career

Born in Fremont, Ohio, Ludwig was taken to Germany as a child, and there he grew up and married. He visited the United States several times in the 1920s and 1930s. He was arrested in Austria for espionage in February 1938 just prior to the Anschluss after police had noticed that he had been photographing bridges in the border between Germany and Austria; however, his case was delayed and when time came to act upon his case, the Nazis had taken over Austria the following month. Ludwig then returned to Germany and stayed there until March 1940, when he was ordered to return to the United States to establish a spy ring there.

Setting up the ring

Upon arrival Ludwig went to a boarding house located in Ridgewood, Queens. He set himself up as a leather-goods salesman and proceeded to recruit agents and couriers from various German-American Bund groups in the New York/Brooklyn area in preparation for his espionage activity: he recruited six men and two women for this purpose, several of whom had little practical experience in espionage. One of the two women was Lucy Boehmler, a pretty 18-year old high school graduate from Maspeth, Queens, who joined up because she thought it might be fun.

Money used to fund his operations were paid through the German Consulate in New York.

Ludwig made a practice of visiting docks in New York Harbor and along the New Jersey coast where, from his observations, he could report information to Germany on the identities of the ships and their cargoes. He also visited various U.S. Army posts, and reported on the identities of the individual units of each, as well as their organization and equipment which he felt would be of interest to his superiors. By December, Ludwig had also included information regarding aircraft manufacturing and performance based on his surveillance of aircraft plants in the Long Island area (notably Grumman, to which he assigned the codename “Grace”).

Information that the ring had gleaned were sent to Germany, as well as to accommodation addresses in neutral Spain and Portugal through letters containing messages written in invisible ink. Letters of the highest priority were bound for Heinrich Himmler, who was assigned the alias “Manuel Alonzo”; Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the RSHA was “Lothar Frederick”. Other recipients were assigned similar codenames.

The search for the spy ring

Authorities in both the U.S. and the United Kingdom were by that time aware that a spy ring was operating out of New York City. The first break came when British Imperial Censorship in Bermuda, run by the British Security Coordination (BSC) actually a cover for the Secret Intelligence Service intercepted a letter written to “Lothar Frederick” and signed by a “Joe K”. As it was known that “Lothar” was an alias used by Heydrich, a watch was set for any letter with the Joe K signature. Subsequent letters from Joe K were intercepted, their contents read and recorded, and the envelopes so carefully resealed that their recipients would not detect any evidence of tampering.

Joe K had shown up as the signature on many letters sent to accommodation addresses. In March 1941 BSC chemists detected secret writing in a Joe K letter; the secret message referred to a duplicate letter sent to “Smith” in China. The BSC mail-intercept operation was run in coordination with the FBI even though J. Edgar Hoover, the Director of the FBI, and William Stephenson, the head of the BSC, did not get along. The FBI was able to trace the Smith letter and found that it contained a plan of U.S. defenses in Pearl Harbor.

Despite this break, they were still in the dark as to who were involved in the spy ring, until an unexpected event took place that led eventually to its unravelling and downfall.

An accident in Times Square

On the night of March 18, 1941, two men were reportedly arguing about the proper way to cross an intersection in a busy section of Times Square in New York when one of them, a middle-aged man wearing horn-rimmed spectacles and carrying a brown briefcase, foolishly made the attempt to cross the street against a traffic light.

Meanwhile, Sam Lichtman, a cabdriver from…(and so on)
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I want to introduct something about PTC Water Heater components.

Specifications: 1) Safe and secure 2) Automatic temperature control 3) Suitable for surface temperatures below 260oC 4) Rated voltage: 80 C 240V 5) Power: 300 C1,000W 6) Max. insulation voltage: 1,500V/4s 7) Customized orders as per client’s specifications available PTC Water Heater components mo




These water valves are operated by handles.

A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or liquids) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category.

Valves are also found in the human body. For example, there are several which control the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintain the correct pumping action (see heart valve article).

Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transportation.

Oil and gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewerage and chemical manufacturing are the industries in which the majority of valves are used.

Plumbing valves, such as taps for hot and cold water are the most noticeable types of valves. Other valves encountered on a daily basis include gas control valves on cookers and barbecues, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, and safety devices fitted to hot water systems.

Valves may be operated manually, either by a hand wheel, lever or pedal. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphram or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or steam boilers.

More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.

Valves are also found in the Otto cycle (internal combustion) engines driven by a camshaft, lifters and or push rods where they play a major role in engine cycle control.

Contents

1 Applications

2 Types and designations

3 Valve parts

3.1 Body and Bonnet

3.2 Ports

3.3 Disc / Rotor / Valve Member

3.4 Seat

3.5 Stem

3.6 Bonnet

3.7 Spring

3.8 Valve balls

4 Valve operating positions

4.1 Two-way valves

4.2 Three-way valves

4.3 Four-way valves

5 Control

6 Other considerations

7 Types of valves

7.1 Generic type valves

7.2 Specific valve types

8 Images

9 See also

10 External links

//


Applications

A huge variety of valves are available, and valves have infinite applications and sizes ranging from .004″ (0.1mm) to 24″ (600mm). Special valves can be manufactured to have a diameter exceeding 200″ (5000mm).

Valves range from inexpensive, simple, disposable valves to components in exotic items that in some instances cost thousands of dollars (US$) per inch (25mm) of diameter.

Disposable valves may be found inside common household items including liquid or gel mini-pump dispensers and aerosol spray cans. rks

Types and designations

Valves can be categorized into the following design types, and although there are hundreds of variations, they all fit into these basic types:

Gate

Poppet

Plug

Globe

Check

Butterfly

Diaphragm

Ball

Needle

Valves may be classified by how they are operated:

manual

Solenoid

Hydraulic/Pneumatic



Internals of an extremely large butterfly valve

Valve parts

Body and Bonnet

The main part of the valve consists of the valve body and bonnet. These two parts form the casing that holds the fluid going through the valve. Valve bodies are usually metallic. Brass, bronze, cast iron, steel, alloy steels and stainless steels are very common. Plastic bodies are used for relatively low pressures and temperatures. PVC, PP, PVDF and glass-reinforced nylon are common plastics used for valve bodies. Bonnet is the part of a valve casing through which the stem passes and that forms a guide and seal for the stem.

Ports

Integral to the valve body are the passages that allow flow into and out of the valve. These are called ports. These ports are obstructed or opened up by the valve member or disc to control the fluid flow. Valves with two or three ports are the most common, while valves with multiple ports (up to 20) are used in special applications. Nearly all valves are built with some means of connection at the ports. These include Threads (male or female); BSP or NPT are most common. Compression fittings, to suit tube s/s or copper. Glue or cement application (especially for plastic) almost always a socket type connection (not a butt) Flanges ANSI, BS, DIN, or JIS. (US, British, European, Japanese standards) Welding either Socket type or Butt type welds.

Disc / Rotor /…(and so on)
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ITU-T Home networking Recommendations

Common Name

Recommendations

HomePNA 2.0

G.9951, G.9952, G.9953

HomePNA 3.0

G.9954 (02/05)

HomePNA 3.1

G.9954 (01/07)

G.hn/HomeGrid

G.9960

Ethernet over Coax (EoC) is a family of technologies that supports the transmission of Ethernet frames over co-axial or coax cable.

Contents

1 History

2 Local Area Networking and Home Networking

3 Metro and Broadband Carrier Networking

4 Standards

4.1 IEEE 802.x

4.2 IEEE 1394

4.3 ITU-T G.hn

5 Non-Standard

5.1 MoCA

6 CATV Compatibility

//


History

The first Ethernet standard, IEEE 802.3, specified baseband operation over coaxial cable. The use of coaxial cable for Ethernet is still supported by the standard, but rarely used because coaxial cable is more costly to purchase, install, and operate for Local Area Networks.

Research in Ethernet transmission over coaxial cable is still very active as both consumers and telecommunications operators strive to use existing coaxial cable (from Cable Television or CATV) installations, to carry broadband data into and through the home, and most recently into Multiple Dwelling Unit (MDU) installations.

Local Area Networking and Home Networking

Most EoC technologies are being developed for in home or in premise networking. That is, they are expected to be operated within the domain of a single operator.

Metro and Broadband Carrier Networking

Some EoC technologies are being specifically developed for use by carriers, operators, and even enterprises, for the more complex operations that require hundreds of attached devices, provisioning, service management, etc.

Standards

IEEE 802.x

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) maintains all official Ethernet standards in the 802.x family or protocols.

IEEE 1394

Active work in Ethernet over Coax is ongoing in IEEE 1394 Trade Association (TA) developed based on the S400 standard.

ITU-T G.hn

The ITU-T G.hn standard provides high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area networking over existing home wires, including coaxial cable, power lines and phone lines. It defines an Application Protocol Convergence (APC) layer for encapsulation standard 802.3 Ethernet frames into G.hn MAC Service Data Units (MSDUs).

Other ITU-T standards for home networking over coaxial cable include G.9954, also known as HomePNA 3.1 .

Non-Standard

MoCA

The Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) is an industry alliance that develops specifications for home networking over coaxial cables. The MoCA specification is technically not a standard, because MoCA is not a recognized Standard Developing Organization (SDO).

There are also proprietary EoC implementations using WiFi-like OFDM transmission.

CATV Compatibility

The active EoC research and technology is focused on the use of existing CATV infrastructure for broadband (Internet) or broadband data transmission. These technologies strive to be compatible with the existing CATV (or sometimes satellite television) broadcast signals that are simultaneously transmitted on the same cable. For this reason, the EoC technologies must operate outside of the frequency domain currently used for CATV or for satellite receiver to set-top box transmissions. Most of these operate in the frequency band from 2MHz to 1GHz. Thus most EoC technologies are designed to operate in bands above 1GHz. This is especially true for systems designed to operate in North America using the SCTE 55-1 and SCTE 55-2 CATV transmission systems. The same is true through most of Europe and portions of Asia. In many localities CATV systems operate only up to 550MHz or 750MHz. In those markets some EoC technologies focus on using spectrum between 550MHz or 750MHz and 1GHz. These systems will typically be lower cost, but could potentially conflict with future spectrum expansion up to 1GHz. In some markets there is a focus on using this 750MHz to 1GHz spectrum for EoC and specifically avoiding EoC bands above 1GHz because of potential ingress noise from over the air transmissions from cellular systems.

This television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Guayule

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Plantae

(unranked):

Angiosperms

(unranked):

Eudicots

(unranked):

Asterids

Order:

Asterales

Family:

Asteraceae

Genus:

Parthenium

Species:

P. argentatum

Binomial name

Parthenium argentatumL.

Parthenium argentatum, commonly known as Guayule (/gw??’ju?.li?/ or /w??’ju?.li?/), is a shrub in the family Asteraceae, native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, in the states of New Mexico, Texas, Zacatecas, Coahuila, Chihuahua San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. The plant can be used as an alternate source of latex that is also hypoallergenic, unlike the normal Hevea rubber. In pre-Columbian times, the guayule was a secondary source of latex for rubber, the principal source being the Castilla elastica tree. The name “guayule” derives from the Nahuatl word ulli/olli, “rubber”.

For sustainable production, guayule grows well in arid and semi arid areas of the southwestern United States, North Central Mexico and regions with similar climates around the world. Because the guayule plant produces terpene resins, which are natural pesticides, it is resistant to many pests and diseases. Herbicides are primarily necessary for stand establishment.

In the 1920s, the plant saw a brief and intense amount of agricultural research when the Intercontinental Rubber Company in California produced 1400 tons of rubber after leaf blight decimated the Brazilian rubber industry. Guayule would again become a replacement for Hevea tree-produced latex during World War II when Japan cut off America’s Malaysian latex resources. The war ended before large-scale farming of the guayule plant began, and the project was scrapped, as it was cheaper to import tree-derived latex than to crush the shrubs for a smaller amount of latex.



Experimental products made from guayule.

Recently, the guayule plant has seen a small but growing resurgence in research and agriculture due to its hypoallergenic properties. While Hevea-derived rubber contains proteins that can cause severe allergic reactions in a few people, guayule does not. With the AIDS crisis of the 1980s, the surge in rubber-glove usage revealed how many people were allergic to latex (about 10% of health-care workers, according to OSHA), and thereby created a niche market for guayule. There are synthetic alternatives for medical device products, but they are just not as stretchy as natural rubber. Guayule performs like Hevea but contains none of the proteins that cause latex allergies.

Selection of high-yielding guayule is complicated by its breeding system, which is primarily apomixis. However, the breeding system is somewhat variable and considerable genetic variation exists within wild populations. Selection of high-yielding lines has been successful (Ray et al. 2005).

The company leading the commercialization of guayule as an industrial crop is Yulex Corporation, founded by Daniel R.Swiger manufacturing and producing guayule rubber for medical devices and specialty consumer products that are safe for people who have latex allergy. Yulex Corporation has cultivated proprietary, high-yielding lines of guayule with agricultural operations concentrated in Arizona as well as some operations in Queensland, Australia. Yulex rubber is marketed as a cost-effective, clinically proven solution to the serious health risks posed by Hevea-derived latex products imported from Southeast Asia.

In April 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration cleared for marketing the first device made from guayule latex, the Yulex Patient Examination Glove, which was submitted by Yulex Corporation.

Guayule’s viability as a potential biofuel has been enhanced recently in light of commentary from a variety of experts, including Lester Brown of the Earth Policy Institute, stating that “[food based] biofuels pit the 800 million people with cars against the 800 million people with hunger problems”, meaning that biofuels derived from food crops (like corn) raise world food prices. Guayule can be an economically viable biofuel crop that doesn’t increase the world’s hunger problem. Guayule has another benefit over food crops as biofuel - it can be grown in areas where food crops would fail.

External links

Guayule: A Source of Natural Rubber

GuayuleBlog.com

References

Ray, Dennis T.; Terry A. Coffelt and David A. Dierig (2004). “Breeding Guayule for commercial production”. Industrial Crops and Products 22 (1): 1525. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.06.005.

^ Identification of Guayule Regions in Northern Mexico, Based on Rubber Yield and Coproducts Quality

^ PLANTS Profile for Parthenium (feverfew) | USDA PLANTS

Categories: Parthenium | Native crops of Mexico | Native crops of the United States | Underutilized crops

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Gren Automotive

Type

Corporate

Founded

May 3, 2001

Founder(s)

Qingdao GREN Machinery Company, China.

Headquarters

Somerset, NJ, USA

Industry

Automotive

Products

brake rotors? brake pads? wiper blades? refrigerant? valve stems

Website

http://www.gren.com

This box: view?talk?edit

GREN Automotive Inc is a manufacturer of automotive brake components, specializing in OEM replacement pads and rotors. They also offer a line of windshield wiper blades, valve stems and HFC-134a refrigerant. GREN Automotive is a North American subsidiary of Qingdao GREN Machinery Company. While the parent company was founded in 1997, GREN Automotive was not established until May 2001. GREN manufactures and sells brake components for all major automotive manufactures. Their products are sold in all major world markets, including European, Japanese and North American. They produce products for most passenger vehicles as well as light and heavy duty trucks.

In March 2000, GREN Machinery Company applied to the German TUV CERT Body for an ISO9002 quality system certificate and passed their final audit on November 27, 2000. In March 2003, the German TUV CERT Body granted GREN their ISO9001:2000/QS9000/VDA6.1 Quality System Certificate. GREN controls the whole production system from raw material through to distribution.

In March 2008, GREN extended its line of products by introducing a line of ceramic brake pads. GREN distinguishes itself from other Chinese brake manufactures, by offering an extensive range of SKUs instead of manufacturing a large number of the same product, GREN offers over unique 1,800 SKUs. They are focused on high quality components and consistency.

GREN Automotive headquarters is located in Somerset New Jersey, USA.

References

^ Welcome To Gren.Com

^ Welcome To Gren.Com

Categories: Auto parts suppliers

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