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Bobby Robinson (b. 16 April 1917, Union, South Carolina) is a prominent African-American independent record producer in New York, most active from the 1950s through the mid-1980s. He established several highly successful record labels, and produced numerous records that sold in the millions.

Contents

1 Biography

1.1 R&B/rock and roll/soul days

1.2 Hip hop days

2 Discography

2.1 Selected production credits

2.2 Fire label - 7″ Discography

2.3 FIRE LP Discography

2.4 FURY 7″ Discography

2.5 Fury label - LP Discography

2.6 ENJOY 7″ Discography

2.7 Enjoy label - 12″ Discography

2.8 ENJOY LP Discography

2.9 Everlast label - LP Discography

2.10 Front Page label - 7″ Discography

3 References

4 External links

5 Notes

//


Biography

R&B/rock and roll/soul days

A South Carolina native, Robinson moved to New York and opened “Bobby’s Record Shop” (now “Bobby’s Happy House”) in 1946. His was the first black-owned business on Harlem’s famed 125th Street. Located on the corner of 125th St. and Frederick Douglass Boulevard (formerly, “8th Avenue”), his shop remained open until January 21, 2008, forced to close only because its landlord planned to raze the building for new construction. Robinson’s store outlasted large chain store competitors, including HMV and the Wiz. [1]

In the ’50s and ’60s, he established several record labels, some in partnership with his brother, Danny Robinson. Among them were Red Robin Records in 1952, Whirlin’ Disc Records in 1956, Fury Records and Everlast Records in 1957, Fire Records in 1959, and Enjoy Records in 1962.

Having enjoyed healthy local sales with doo-wop and blues discs on his “Robin” and “Red Robin” labels in the early to mid-1950s, he launched “Fire” and “Fury” as vehicles for rhythm and blues and rock and roll artists, most of which were produced by him in New York, but some were produced by others and acquired by him in various Southern cities.

Robinson produced numerous million-selling records by such notable performers as Wilbert Harrison, The Shirelles, Lee Dorsey, and Dave “Baby” Cortez. He produced Gladys Knight & the Pips’ first hit, “Every Beat of My Heart”. Robinson also produced several of Elmore James’ greatest records. King Curtis’s “Soul Twist” was the first release of his “Enjoy” label, and over twenty years later, he released the highly successful hit, “I The Packman (Eat Everything I Can)” by The Packman, on the same label.

Hip hop days

In the 1970s, Robinson produced some of the first hip-hop music records for his “Enjoy” label and had considerable influence and success in that genre through the mid-1980s. He achieved another success in 1979, when he recorded Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five’s first record, “Superrappin’”, an innovative record which was very influential in hip-hop’s early years. A local hit among New York area hip-hop fans, the music industry, however, was not ready for the new sound, and the record failed to hit nationwide.

Robinson then went to commercial success with other old school hip hop artists, including Pumpkin and Friends, the Funky Four Plus One More, Spoonie Gee (Robinson’s nephew), and Kool Moe Dee with the Treacherous Three.

Robinson also chalked up another success when he produced Doug E. Fresh’s “Just Having Fun (Do The Beatbox)”, which introduced beatboxing to the record-buying public.

Discography

Selected production credits

“Kansas City” by Wilbert Harrison

“Dedicated to the One I Love” by The Shirelles

“Ya Ya” by Lee Dorsey

“The Happy Organ” by Dave “Baby” Cortez

“Tossin’ and Turnin’” by Bobby Lewis

“That’s All Right” by Arthur Crudup’s (covered by Elvis Presley for his first record)

“Jack, That Cat Was Clean” by Dr. Horse (Dr. Pittman)

“Salt Pork, West Virginia” by Dr. Horse (Dr. Pittman)

“You Don’t Have to Go” bt Sam Myers

“Wiggle Wobble” by Les Cooper

“Every Beat of My Heart” by Gladys Knight & the Pips

“Rockin It” by The Fearless Four

“Rappin’ And Rocking The House” by the Funky Four Plus One More (at over sixteen minutes, the longest rap record of its time)

“Love Rap” by Spoonie Gee

several hits by Kool Moe Dee with the Treacherous Three (“The New Rap Language”, “At The Party” and “Body Rock”)

Fire label - 7″ Discography

100 - Bill Woods And His Orchestra - Go Crazy Man / Bop - 1956 (Bakersfield California Label)

101 - Tommy Duncan - Daddy Loves Mummy 0 / Crazy Mixed Up Kid - 1956 (Bakersfield California Label)

106 - Johnny Taylor - Mixed Up Rhythm And Blues / Sad, Sad Saturday Night - 1956 (Bakersfield California Label)

111 - Dusty Payne & The Rhythm Rockers - I Want You / My Walkin’ Shoes - 1956 (Bakersfield California Label)

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For the movie starring Fred Astaire, see Top Hat. For the theatrical lighting device, see Top hat (lighting). For the top hat roller coaster element, see Roller coaster elements. For the TUGS character, see List of recurring TUGS characters#Top Hat.



Man wearing a top hat and a “chevron” style moustache.



Abraham Lincoln in a top hat at Antietam.

A top hat, top-hat, silk hat, cylinder hat, plug hat, chimney pot hat or stove pipe hat[1] (sometimes also known by the nickname “topper”) is a tall, flat-crowned, broad-brimmed hat worn prior to and including the 19th and early 20th centuries. Now, it is usually worn only with morning dress or white tie, or as a specific rock culture fashion statement.

Contents

1 History

2 Description

3 Top hats in the present

4 Further reading

5 Notes

//


History

Top hats started to take over from the tricorne at the end of the 18th century; a painting by Charles Vernet of 1796, Un Incroyable, shows a French dandy (one of the Incroyables et Merveilleuses) wearing such a hat.[2]

Within twenty years top hats had become popular with all social classes, with even workmen wearing them. At that time those worn by members of the upper classes were usually made of felted beaver fur, while those worn by working men were made of rabbit fur; the generic name “stuff hat” was applied to hats made from fur. The hats became part of the uniforms worn by policemen (who could stand on them to look over walls[citation needed]) and postmen (to give them the appearance of authority); since these people spent most of their time outdoors, their hats were topped with black oilcloth.[3]

During the early part of the 19th century felted beaver fur was gradually replaced by silk “hatter’s plush”, though the silk topper met with resistance from those who preferred the beaver hat. A short-lived fad in the 1820s and 1830s was the “Wellington” style of top-hat with concave sides. The peak of the top hat’s popularity in the 1840s and the 1850s saw it reach its most extreme form, with ever higher crowns and narrow brims. The stovepipe hat was a variety with straight sides, while one with slightly convex sides was called the “chimney pot”.[4] The stovepipe hat was popularized in the US by Abraham Lincoln during his presidency; it is said that Lincoln would keep important letters inside the hat.

During the middle part of the 19th century the top hat developed from a fashion into a symbol of urban respectability, and this was assured when Prince Albert started wearing them in 1850; the subsequent rise in popularity of the top hat led to a decline in beaver hats, sharply reducing the size of the beaver-trapping industry in North America.

The 19th century is sometimes known as the Century of the Top Hat.[who?] The historian James Laver once made the observation that an assemblage of “toppers” looked like factory chimneys and thus added to the mood of the industrial era. In England, post-Brummel dandies went in for flared crowns and swooping brims. Their counterparts in France, known as the ncroyables, wore top hats of such outlandish dimensions that there was no room for them in overcrowded cloakrooms until Antoine Gibus came along in 1823 and invented the collapsible top hat. Such hats are often called an opera hat, though the term can also be synonymous with any top hat, or any tall formal men’s hat. In the 1920s they were also often called high hats.

However, at its peak in popularity a reaction developed against the top hat, with the middle classes adopting bowler hats and soft felt hats such as fedoras, which were more convenient for city life, as well as being suitable for mass production. In comparison, a top hat needed to be handmade by a skilled hatter, with few young people willing to take up what was obviously a dying trade. The top hat became associated with the upper class, becoming a target for satirists and social critics. It was particularly used as a symbol of capitalism in cartoons in socialist and communist media, long after the headgear had been abandoned by those satirised.It was a part of the dress of Uncle Sam and used as a symbol of US monopoly power. By the end of World War I it had become a rarity in everyday life, though it continued to be worn daily for formal wear confined to smaller groups, such as in London various positions in the Bank of England and City stockbroking, or boys at public schools. (For unusual events, such as balls and weddings, top hats are still common as of 2008.)

The top hat persisted in certain areas, such as politics and international diplomacy, for several more years. In the newly-formed Soviet Union, there was a fierce debate as to whether its diplomats should follow the international conventions and wear a top hat, with the pro-toppers winning the vote by a large majority.

Top hats are associated with stage magic, in…(and so on)

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Look up elbow (disambiguation) inWiktionary, the free dictionary.

The elbow is a joint of an arm.

Elbow may also mean one of the following:

Elbow (band), an alternative rock band from England

Elbow (strike), an attack using the elbow

Elbow crater, a meteor crater in Canada

The Elbow, a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube to allow a change of direction

The Street elbow, a variant of the elbow pipe fitting

A character in William Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure

Nursemaid’s elbow, a dislocation of the elbow

The ends slice of a loaf of bread, nicknamed the “heel” or “elbow”

The Elbow Criterion, a technique to find optimal number of clusters for clustering algorithms

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pages

Hidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages(and so on)

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John Duncan

Photo by Melissa Pasut

Birth name

John Craig Duncan

Born

June 17, 1953 (1953-06-17) (age55)Wichita, Kansas, U.S.

Nationality

American

Field

Performance Art, Video, Installations, Experimental Music

Training

California Institute of the Arts, Los Angeles

Works

Scare, Blind Date, The Crackling, The Keening Towers, The Error, The Gauntlet

John Duncan is an artist who has lived and worked in Los Angeles, Tokyo and Amsterdam, currently lives and works in Bologna. His body of work includes performance art, installations, contemporary music, video art and experimental film, often involving the extensive use of recorded sound. His music is composed mainly of recordings from shortwave radio, field recordings and voice. His events and installations are a form of existential research, often confrontational in nature [1].

Contents

1 Early years

2 Los Angeles

3 Tokyo

4 Amsterdam

5 Scrutto di San Leonardo

6 Bologna

7 Recent work

8 Bibliography

9 Discography

10 References

11 External links

//


Early years

Duncan was born in Wichita, Kansas to parents of English and Scottish ancestry. He was raised with a strict Calvinist upbringing where self-reliance, hard work and the suppression of emotional suffering were considered virtues, questioning authority was severely punished.[2]

In his teens he studied classical figure drawing and painting, together with psychology and the physics of light. His first contact with experimental music was the Jacques Lasry LP Chronophagie, discovered in the record bins of the Wichita Public Library. In 1971 he applied for and received Conscientious Objector status. At 19 he left for Los Angeles to attend CalArts, where he studied under Allan Kaprow.

Los Angeles

In the mid-1970s, his Los Angeles performances, events and installations were influenced by the ‘Poor Theatre’ of Jerzy Grotowski, as well as the cathartic exposure of personal experiences seen in the work of Viennese actionist artist Rudolf Schwarzkogler and early feminist performance art.

Several of his early events were held in private or in front of a small number of witnesses. Scare was an encouragement to examine the physical effects of fear. Duncan donned a disguise and fired a blank-loaded pistol at point-blank range at two carefully selected participants, Tom Recchion and Paul McCarthy, chosen …because they were close friends who would not expect anything like this to happen to them and who would be able to appreciate the event as I intended it.[3] Bus Ride sexually stimulated unsuspecting passengers on a city bus with a liquid poured into the ventilation system in order to observe the results.[4] Blind Date, involving intercourse with a female corpse followed by a vasectomy, both conducted in private, was presented as an audio-only event to an audience in a darkened warehouse, a demonstration of how men are conditioned to turn emotional suffering into rage[5]. An untitled character-exchange event with McCarthy was held in private in McCarthy’s studio, where Duncan recorded actions to video that McCarthy immediately erased.

Other events were presented to radio audiences, at once separated from each other and too large to gather in one place.[6] No was Duncan’s first public performance of a Reichian exercise (later known as bioenergetic analysis) broadcast live over Close Radio. Happy Homes, his last performance before leaving Los Angeles, was a telephone exchange with radio therapist Dr. Toni Grant, broadcast live throughout the United States over the ABC radio network.[7] Duncan described several child-abuse cases he had personally witnessed as a Los Angeles city bus driver as he asked the therapist for advice.

His first films were shot in Super-8, silent or with separate audio, intended either as stand-alone works or as elements used in live events. The performance For Women Only is centered around a film intended to erotically arouse the all-woman audience, who were then invited to enter a back room and abuse Duncan sexually. The Secret Film was screened individually to eight viewers before the film itself and the room where it was shown were both destroyed by fire.

Together with McCarthy he co-produced Close Radio, a weekly series of live radio broadcasts over KPFK that provided airtime to artists working in sound, many of them for the first time. The Close Radio archive was donated to the Getty Center in 2007[8].

In 1978 he became closely associated with The Los Angeles Free Music Society (LAFMS), working on collaborations with Tom Recchion, Fredrik Nilsen and Joe Potts (artist). His earliest recorded audio experiments were also made at this time, including work with Michael LeDonne-Bhennet, McCarthy, Recchion and Nilsen. His first solo LP Organic was released in 1979….(and so on)

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The Ethan Allen is raised to the surface of Lake George the day after it capsized

The Ethan Allen was a 40-foot, glass-enclosed tour boat operated by Shoreline Cruises on Lake George in upstate New York. On October 2, 2005, at 2:55 p.m., with 47 passengersll from Michigan and Ohio and mostly seniorsboard, the Ethan Allen capsized and sank just south of Cramer Point in the Town of Lake George. Twenty passengers died and 27 survived. The accident caused government regulators to consider new laws on passenger boat capacity.

Contents

1 Accident and initial speculation

2 Investigations

3 Official police report

4 NTSB report

5 Indictment

6 Memorial

7 Lawsuit

8 Other Lake George accidents

9 References

10 External links

//


Accident and initial speculation

The boat was carrying a tourist group, the Trenton Travelers, based out of Trenton, Michigan. The group included senior citizens from Michigan and Ohio. They were on an hour-long fall foliage tour on the lake.

When the boat capsized, the injured people were sent to Glens Falls Hospital by ambulances from the nearby towns of Hague, Warrensburg, Moreau, and Lake George. North Warren EMS, which incorporates the towns of Horicon and Chester, assisted in the effort. The Water Rescue Team, a part of the Horicon VFD was also called to the scene.

Speculation about the cause of the capsize originally centered on the sizable wake of a much larger cruise ship, the Lake George Steamboat Co.’s Mohican, which traverses Lake George daily. However, no evidence emerged to support this theory. On the contrary, tourists at a nearby camp reported that the Mohican did not pass the area of the lake where the Ethan Allen sank until 20 minutes after the fact.

Weather was also not a factor in this accident, as the skies were blue and the wind was calm. The 20 victims are believed to have died from drowning, not hypothermia, as the water in the lake was 68 degrees Fahrenheit.

Investigations

On October 3, the Ethan Allen was raised by investigators and brought to the Warren County Airport. By Friday, two of the survivors who returned to Michigan filed lawsuits for damages of $70,000 each. The following week, the Ethan Allen was returned to Lake George for a series of tests to determine what caused it to capsize. According to WRGB, the Mohican was used during tests on three consecutive days. On October 15 it was confirmed that the Ethan Allen was making a sharp turn and that weight was a factor for the capsizing. The most shocking piece of information discovered was that the glass windows on the boat had acted like a box, trapping the passengers inside. However, it was later established by the NTSB that there were no glass windows; they were made of acrylic glass and fitted in a swing up frame. The frame attaches to the overhead. At the time of the accident they were swung up and out of the way. They remained in that position even with the boat sinking and were still up when the boat was recovered. Further reports showed that with the canopy installed the capacity rating of the boat was 14 people. There were 47 people on the boat the day of the incident.

On November 4, the alcohol results came back from the toxicology center. They showed that the captain of the Ethan Allen had been drinking several days prior to October 2 but that he did not drink alcohol on the day of the accident.

Official police report

On Friday February 3, 2006, the official police report for the Ethan Allen accident was released after a three-month delay. The report is 530 pages in three volumes, with all the information about the Ethan Allen. There are 84 pages written by survivors and 101 pages about police discussion. There has been much discussion other whether or not the Mohican did or did not pass the Ethan Allen, causing it to capsize. People around and on the lake at the time claim the Mohican had passed 20 minutes after the Ethan Allen had capsized. The pilot of the Ethan Allen, Richard Paris, stated:

I started to swing the bow of the boat to the right and immediately encountered stray waves from the wake of the Mohican that was going northbound. The entire boat then tipped to the left and just kept right on going.

Right after the accident there was feuding between Shoreline Cruises and Lake George Steamboat Co. Statements from Shoreline employees, including members of the Quirk family, which owns the company, show the Shoreline people believe that waves created by the Steamboat Companies’ Mohican caused trouble for the Shoreline. Former Steamboat Co. employees (and passengers) claim that they have witnessed the Mohican swamping other boats on the lake in the past.

There were multiple reports by people near and around the lake of several other boats being in the vicinity. Reports from some people at local campsites claim that…(and so on)

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Contents

1 Anorankh

2 Anti-crime

3 Battle of Koom Valley

4 Boffo

5 Dark light

6 Dark Morris

7 Dimwell Arrhythmic Rhyming Slang

8 Figgin

9 Fingles

10 Insorcism

11 The ‘Jerk Syndrome’

12 Knurd

13 Octarine

14 Quantum

15 Retrophrenology

16 Slood

17 Thaum

18 Tick

19 References

20 See also

21 External links

//


Anorankh

An anorankh is a pseudo-mystical symbol, consisting of an ankh wearing an anorak. It stems from a discussion on alt.fan.pratchett, a newsgroup for fans of Terry Pratchett. One user mistakenly used the word “anorak” to refer to the ancient Egyptian symbol of life, the ankh. A series of puns ensued which was eventually joined by Pratchett himself, who commissioned the first Holy Anorankh from Clarecraft, the company responsible for creating the series of official Discworld figurines. Clarecraft eventually made two designs commercially available, one silver and one pewter. Both designs are generally worn as necklaces or earrings, and they have since become an unofficial symbol of Pratchett-fandom.

In Maskerade, Granny Weatherwax remarks that a girl named Colette is wearing “fascinatin’ earrings.” This is a reference to a fan that Terry met at a convention; being impressed with her Anorankh earrings, he offered her a cameo in his next novel.

An image of the Holy Anorankh design is available here.

The L-Space Web’s A.F.P (alt.fan.pratchett) Timeline Martin Walser’s anorak post

Anti-crime

Described as a rare, inverse form of crime. According to Reaper Man, an anti-crime must:

… be done in such a way that it causes outrage and/or humiliation to the victim. Merely giving someone something is not enough. Examples of this type include breaking-and-decorating, proffering-with-intent, and whitemailing (for example threatening to reveal a mobster’s donations to charity).

Even on the Discworld, anti-crime has never really caught on.

Battle of Koom Valley

Central to the plot of Thud!, the inhospitable Koom Valley was the scene of an ancient battle between dwarfs and trolls that both species came to use as an excuse for the mutual enmity related throughout the Discworld series. It was said to be the only known battle in which both sides ambushed the other, and acted as inspiration for the development of the game of Thud.

Later engagements have led to a total of sixteen battles of Koom Valley (seventeen counting a “fracas” in Vilinus Pass), only three of which took place in the valley itself. This is in part due to the battle being a convenient patch for rips in time often used by the History Monks, although the History of Thud suggests that something about the valley itself encourages violence (this might be related to the Summoning Dark). Over time, as Vimes notes in Thud! the Battle of Koom Valley ceased to be tied to any one location, and tended to appear anywhere and everywhere as a justification for any conflicts whatsoever between dwarfs and trolls.

Koom Valley’s story is eventually revealed in the novel Thud!: The intention was to sign a treaty, but heavy fog came down, and when it lifted some took the sudden sighting of their mortal enemies for an ambush and tried to attack. Both sides fell on their own to keep this from happening, and fought until a flash flood washed them all away. The only word to come from the valley was exactly the wrong one.

This led to the continuation of the enmity until the efforts of Commander Vimes of the Ankh Morpork City Watch revealed the truth thousands of years later, in the process uncovering the last resting place of B’hrian Bloodaxe, the first Low King. He was playing an early form of Thud with Diamond, king of Trolls.

The name “Koom” is a reference to the Welsh word cwm, which is pronounced “koom” (IPA:[k?m]) and means “valley”. Thus “Koom Valley” means “Valley Valley.” Pratchett has an admitted fondness for tautological place-names, such as “Cheetwood”, which literally means “Woodwood,” and Torpenhow Hill, which means “Hillhillhill Hill.”

Boffo

Boffo is described in Wintersmith as “the power of expectations”; the strength one gains from behaving exactly as someone expects you to.[1] It is introduced by the witch Eumenides Treason as a means by which she ensures people take her seriously. It gets its name from the Boffo Novelty and Joke Shop, no. 4, Tenth Egg Street, Ankh-Morpork, from which Miss Treason purchases most of her interior decorating supplies. It is possible that the shop is run by a clown called Boffo, a minor character in Men At Arms. Frequently purchased items include fake skulls, fake spiders’ webs and her hat (Wicked Witch #3- “A must for scary parties”). No witch actually has spiders’ webs in her cottage or keeps skulls for any reason, but people expect witches to do so and Miss…(and so on)

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Samoyed

Other names

Bjelkier, Samoiedskaya Sobaka, Nenetskaya Laika

Nicknames

SmileySmiling SammySammySam

Country of origin

Northwest Russia and Western Siberia

Patronage

Nordic Kennel Union

Traits

Classification & standards

FCI

Group 5 Section 1 #212

standard

AKC

Working

standard

ANKC

Group 6 (Utility)

standard

CKC

Group 3 - Working Dogs

standard

KC (UK)

Pastoral

standard

NZKC

Utility

standard

UKC

Northern Breeds

standard

The Samoyed dog (Russian: ?????????? ??????) takes its name from the Samoyedic peoples of Siberia. An alternate name for the breed, especially in Europe, is Bjelkier. These nomadic reindeer herders bred the fluffy, white, smiling dogs to help with the herding, to pull sleds when they moved, and to keep their owners warm at night by sleeping on top of them.

Contents

1 Appearance

1.1 Size

1.2 Eyes

1.3 Ears

1.4 Tail

1.5 Coat

1.6 Temperament

2 Health

2.1 Samoyed Hereditary Glomerulopathy

2.2 Other Health Concerns

3 Care

4 History

5 Miscellaneous

6 Famous Samoyeds

7 Notes

8 External links

//


Appearance

Samoyeds have a lot of vitality, and well cared for Samoyeds are known to retain their youthful, energetic spirit well into their senior years. The average lifespan for a Samoyed is 12 to 16 years, although some will live a little longer. Being a working breed, they have excellent stamina, and without daily exercise they will become bored and/or depressed, which can lead to excessive barking, destruction, weight gain, irritability, and escape artist behavior.

Samoyeds are typically a hardy dog, but do have their share of health concerns. They share a common resemblance with an American Eskimo dog. They may also be mistaken for Husky dogs by inexperienced people.

Size

Males typically weigh 20-32.5 kg are in europe 57cm - + 3 cm (44-65 lb), while females typically weigh 17-25 kg are in europe 53 cm -+ 3 cm (37-55 lb).



A Samoyed male on the beach.

Eyes

Samoyed eyes are usually black or brown, and are almond in shape. Blue or other color eyes can occur but are not allowed in the show ring.



A Samoyed male puppy 8 weeks old

New Zealand Kennel Club Standard: Eyes: Almond shaped, medium to dark brown in color, set well apart with alert and intelligent expression. Their eyes can have different shapes. They can sense when danger is coming with their eyes.

Ears

Samoyed ears are thick and covered with fur, triangular in shape, and erect. They are almost always white but can occasionally have a light brown tint, usually around the tips of ears.

NZKC Standard: Ears: Thick, not too long and slightly rounded at the tips, set well apart and well covered inside with hair. The ears should be fully erect in the grown Samoyed.

Tail

The Samoyed tail is one of the breed’s more distinguishing features. Like the Alaskan Malamute, their tail is carried curled over their backs; however, unlike the Malamute, the Samoyed tail is held actually touching the back. It should not be a tight curl or held “flag” like, it should be carried laying over the back and to one side. In cold weather, Samoyeds may sleep with their tails over their noses to provide additional warmth. Almost all Samoyeds will allow their tails to fall when they are relaxed and at ease, as when being stroked or while eating, but will return their tails to a curl when more alert

NZKC Standard: Tail: Long and profuse, carried over the back when alert; sometimes dropped when at rest.

UK Kennel Club Standard: Tail: Long and Profusely coated, carried over the back and to side when alert, sometimes dropped when at rest.

Coat



A Samoyed Dog in a garden with a toy

Samoyeds have a dense, double layer coat. The topcoat contains long, coarse, and straight guard hairs, which appear white but have a hint of silver coloring. This top layer keeps the undercoat relatively clean and free of debris. The under layer, or undercoat, consists of a dense, soft, and short fur that keeps the dog warm. The undercoat is typically shed heavily once or twice a year, and this seasonal process is sometimes referred to as “blowing coat”. This does not mean the Samoyed will only shed during that time however; fine hairs (versus the dense clumps shed during seasonal shedding) will be shed all year round, and have a tendency to stick to cloth and float in the air. The standard Samoyed may come in a mixture of biscuit and white coloring, although pure white and all biscuit dogs aren’t uncommon. Males typically have larger ruffs than females.

Samoyeds are typically very good about grooming themselves, and upkeep as…(and so on)

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Platinum Sterling is a registered trademark name of American Bullion, Inc. The trademark is applied as the name of a range of alloys whose primary constituents are platinum and silver, and which are primarily used in jewelery.[1]. The range of Platinum Sterling alloys were developed in 2003 by Marc Robinson, and Chuck Bennett created the solder the alloy.

Contents

1 Properties

2 Composition

3 See also

4 References

//


Properties

The platinum is used to replace at least some of the copper present in a typical sterling silver alloy provides a greater light reflectivity (by refining the grain structure) and resistance to tarnish (thought the be caused by oxidation of copper) than standard sterling silver which does not incorporate platinum.

Platinum Sterling is a cheaper alternative to white gold. It is also hard wearing and very white so it does not require rhodium plating like white gold.[2]

Tests performed by the American Assay and Gemological Office showed that the whiteness of platinum-sterling alloys exceeds that of both sterling silver and white gold, with the new 3.5 percent platinum sterling displaying six times more resistant to tarnishing than standard sterling alloy. [3]

Composition

The exact composition of Platinum Silver is not published, however three alloys are commercially available, all containing standard .925 sterling silver and 1%, 3.5% or 5% platinum. A small amount of gallium can also be added to the composition to provide ease of manufacture of the alloy.

The patent application for Platinum Sterling claims:

A metal alloy having a composition consisting essentially of 90.595.5% silver by weight, about 0.56% platinum by weight, about 0.74% copper by weight, about 0.12% gallium by weight, about 13% tin by weight, about 12.5% germanium by weight, about 0.54% zinc by weight, and about 0.10.2% silicon by weight. [4]

And from the same claim:

…the preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a metal alloy comprising about 90.595.5% silver, about 0.56% platinum, about 0.74% copper, and about 0.12% gallium. In some embodiments, the alloy further comprises about 0.54% zinc, about 00.2% silicon, about 00.3% boron and about 01.5% indium. In other embodiments, the alloy further comprises about 03% tin and about 02.5% germanium.

See also

List of alloys

References

^ [1] ABI Precious metals marketing information for Platinum Sterling

^ [2] Spotlight on innovative metals.

^ [3] “White Wedding: The Marriage of Platinum and Sterling” (Modern metallurgy brings together the two most beloved white jewelry metals in a new platinum-sterling alloy.) by Nanz Aalund, September 2006

^ [4] Details of patent for Platinum Sterling



v?d?eJewellery materials

Precious metals:

Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver

Precious metal alloys:

Colored gold Electrum Platinum sterling Sterling silver

Base metals/alloys:

Brass Bronze Copper Stainless steel

Mineral Gemstones:

Aventurine Agate Alexandrite Amethyst Aquamarine Carnelian Citrine Diamond Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Malachite Lapis lazuli Moonstone Onyx Opal Peridot Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger’s Eye Topaz

Organic Gemstones:

Amber Copal Coral Jet Pearl

Categories: Silver | Platinum | Precious metal alloys | Jewellery(and so on)

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It has been suggested that Child carrier and Stroller history be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

For transportation of a baby or toddler there are special vehicles, special car seats, and devices for carrying.





An old-style pram

Contents

1 Carrying the child

2 Child Carriers

2.1 History

3 Pushable vehicles

3.1 Carriages and prams

3.2 Strollers and pushchairs

3.3 Travel systems or 3-in-1

4 Infant car seats

5 Standards

6 Complements

7 See also

8 Notes

9 References

//


Carrying the child

Main articles: Child carrier, Baby sling, and Baby car seat

A child carrier or baby carrier is a device used to carry an infant or small child.

This can be on the body of an adult, or separately.

On-the-body carriers are designed in various forms such as baby slings, backpack carriers, and soft front or hip carriers, with varying materials and degrees of rigidity, decoration, support and confinement of the child.

Child Carriers

A child carrier (also called a baby carrier) is a device used to carry an infant or small child. This can be on the body of an adult, or separately. On-the-body carriers are designed in various forms such as slings, backpack carriers, and soft front or hip carriers, with varying materials and degrees of rigidity, decoration, support and confinement of the child. Slings, soft front carriers, and “carrycots” are typically used for infants who lack the ability to sit or to hold their head up. Frame backpack carriers (a modification of the frame backpack), hip carriers, slings, mei tais and a variety of other soft carriers are used for older children.

History

Although the carrying of children on the body using devices is a relatively recent phenomenon in the West, the practice has been established in many cultures for centuries. Images of children being carried in slings can be seen in Egyptian artwork dating back to the time of the Pharaohs, and have been used in many indigenous cultures. Devices for carrying children, not on the body, take the form of “carrycots”, although many cultures have produced portable cradles, cradleboards, baskets, travois and other devices for making young infants easier to pick up and set down quickly. The modern car seat infant carrier is a relative latecomer.

On-the-body baby carrying in the west started being known in the 60’s with the advent of the structured soft pack in the mid 1960’s. Around the same time, the frame backpack quickly became a popular way to carry older babies and toddlers. In the early 70’s, in Germany, the wrap was reintroduced. In 1986, the ring sling was invented and popularized. In the early 1990s, the modern pouch carrier was created in Hawaii. While the Chinese mei tai has been around in one form or another for centuries, it did not become popular in the west until it was modernized with padding and other adjustments. It first became popular and well known in mid-2003.

Pushable vehicles



An ‘Odder’ brand perambulator.

They can be three or four wheelers.

Carriages and prams

A baby carriage (in North American English), perambulator or pram (in British English) or carrycot is generally used for newborn babies and have the infant lying down facing the pusher.

Prams have been widely used in the UK since the Victorian era. As they developed through the years suspension was added, making the ride smoother for both the baby and the person pushing it. In the 1970s, however, the trend was more towards a more basic version, not fully sprung, and with a detachable body known as a carrycot. Now prams are very rarely used, being large and expensive when compared with buggies (see below). One of the longer lived and better known brands in the UK is Silver Cross, first manufactured in Guiseley, near Leeds, in 1877, though this factory has now closed.

Strollers and pushchairs



Stroller

Further information: Stroller history

A stroller (North American English) or push chair (British English, also sometimes buggy) has the child (generally up to three years old) in a sitting position, usually facing forwards, instead of facing the pusher.

Strollers for multiple infants include the twin (side-by-side) and the tandem configurations.

Pushchair was the popularly used term in the UK between its invention and the early 1980s, when a more compact design known as a buggy became the trend, popularised by the conveniently collapsible aluminium framed Maclaren buggy designed and patented by the British aeronautical designer Owen Maclaren in 1965. Pushchair is the usual term in the UK, but is becoming increasingly replaced by buggy; in American English, buggy is synonymous with baby carriage. Newer versions can be configured to carry a baby lying down like a low pram and then be…(and so on)

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Look up comfort in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Comfort may mean:

Places:

Comfort, Texas

Comfort Township, Minnesota

Old Point Comfort, Virginia

Point Comfort, Texas

Persons:

Alex Comfort, a British medical professional, anarchist, pacifist, and writer

Charles Comfort, a Canadian painter, sculptor, teacher, writer, and administrator

Louis Comfort Tiffany, an American artist and designer

Nathaniel C. Comfort, an American historian

Ray Comfort, a New Zealand-born minister and evangelist

Comfort Freeman, a Liberian Lutheran activist

Comfort Fedoke, contestant on So You Think You Can Dance 4

United States Navy ships:

USS Comfort (AH-3) (1917 1921)

USS Comfort (AH-6) (1943 1946)

USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) (1976 )

Others:

Comfort (album), an album by the rock group Failure

Comfort (Fabric Softener), a Unilever fabric softener

ComfortDelGro Corporation, a listed transportation company in Singapore

Comfort Air, an airline based in Germany

Comfort food

Comfort noise, artificial background noise used in radio and wireless communications to fill the silent time in a transmission

Comfort object, an object used to provide psychological comfort

Comfort Stand Records, an American independent record label

Comfort women, a euphemism for women who were forced to work as sex slaves in Japanese-occupied countries during World War II

Comfort zone, the term used to denote a type of mental conditioning resulting in artificially created mental boundaries, within which an individual derives a sense of security

Southern Comfort, an alcoholic drink made with peaches

Thermal Comfort, a field of specialization in building indoor environment

Toyota Comfort, a taxicab popular in Japan and Hong Kong

See also

Comforter

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pages

Hidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages(and so on)

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