frbiz5555

PTFE Thread Seal Tape (HY0052) , rminie Cadolle (1845 1926) was the inventor of the modern bra and founder of the Cadolle lingerie house.
Herminie was a close friend of the French insurrectionist Louise Michel, and it was this connection that lead her to leave for the safety of Buenos Aires. Here, in 1887, Herminie opened a shop selling made-to-measure underwear.
Returning to Paris in 1889, she opened a similar lingerie workshop on the street Chausse d’Antin, where she invented a two-piece undergarment called le bien-tre (the wellbeing). The lower part was a corset for the waist and the upper supported the breasts by means of shoulder straps. She exhibited at the Great Exposition of 1900 and by 1905 the upper half was being sold separately as a soutien-gorge (literally, “support for the throat”, but gorge in old French meant breast), the name by which bras are still known in France.
Herminie became a fitter of bras to queens, princesses, dancers, and actresses. Mata Hari was among her customers. She was also first to use cloth incorporating rubber (elastic) thread. Cadolle’s business is still running today , g thread .
External link , lathe thread .
Cadolle.com
Categories: 1845 births | 1926 deaths | French businesspeople | French inventors

Sonic Blade & Cordless Power Knife ,
History
Intended to be a fast and air-transportable reconnaissance vehicle, the Scorpion is built from mainly aluminium armour and mounts an L23A1 76 mm gun firing high-explosive, HESH, smoke, APDS (Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot) and canister rounds up to 1600 yards. It can also be fitted with a quick firing 30mm cannon, which proves useful against lightly armored AFV’s (Armoured Fighting Vehicles), and also a 90mm gun for a greater effect. Original models had a Jaguar 4.2 litre petrol engine. This engine was chosen because of its high power to weight ratio. Some customers specified diesel engines. The Perkins diesel engine was chosen, which has shown longer in-service life, and has a reduced risk of fire. All models are capable of 80 km/h. The Scorpion showed outstanding off road capabilities in the Falklands War. The Scorpion is not amphibious however it can drive through water up to 3 and half feet deep.
Two troops from B Sqn of the Blues and Royals each comprising two Scorpion and two of the similar Scimitar saw active service in the Falklands War of 1982, (along with one Samson armoured recovery vehicle) and provided the only armoured assets of the British landing force. With a ‘footprint’ much lighter than that of a main battle tank, it was one of the few vehicles capable of operating in the extremely boggy conditions of East Falkland, and did so very well, due to possessing a ground pressure of approximately four pounds per square inch (actually less than that of a walking infantryman). At least one Scimitar was seriously damaged by an Argentine landmine, but the crew were unscathed, and the vehicle was salvaged by Chinook HC.1 helicopterand soon brought back into service by the attached REME section. Both tactical and strategic commanders have stated that a larger number of CVR(T) would have aided and shortened the campaign greatly, with possibly reduced casualties[citation needed]. Its cross country ability was demonstrated in a recorded incident where a commander jumped from his vehicle and sank into the boggy ground (wheeled vehicles being almost no use away from established roads).[citation needed]
The Scorpion has been withdrawn from British Army service and the refurbished hulls have been mated with surplus turrets from the FV 721 Fox CVR(W) wheeled reconnaissance vehicle to form a composite vehicle, to create the 30mm RARDEN cannon armed Sabre, which is very similar in appearance to the Scimitar. The chief reason for this was that the obsolescent 76mm gun was not found to be as effective or efficient in engaging enemy light armour/miscellaneous targets as the flat-trajectory 30mm cannon. Some small armies such as the Botswana Defense Force and the Irish Army, and notably the larger Philippine Army, continue to use Scorpion units, in some cases up-armed retroactively with 90mm Cockerill guns (see below). A small number are in use at BATUS in Canada as part of OPFOR representing 125mm gun armed T-80-type vehicles, with the main armament barrel replaced with plastic drainpipe, and known as “Salamanders”.
User , solar fountain pump .
Scorpion tank and its Scimitar/Sabre/Scorpion-90 variants operators. Current operators are in bright red, former operators are in dark red , portable solar generator .
Belgium - Belgian Army - (701 Scorpions and variants, all withdrawn)
Botswana - Botswana Defence Force
Brunei - Royal Brunei Land Forces
Chile - Chilean Navy (Infantera de Marina - Chilean Marines)
Honduras - Honduras Army
India - Indian Army
Indonesia - Indonesian Army - 100 Scorpion 90
Iran - Iranian Army (ex. Imperial Iranian Army) 80 in service
Ireland - Irish Army (14 in service, one is being upgraded for trials)
Jordan - Royal Jordanian Land Force
Malaysia - Malaysian Army - 26 Scorpion 90
New Zealand - New Zealand Army
Nigeria - Military of Nigeria - 140 in service
Oman - Royal Army of Oman
Philippines - Philippine Army - 42 Scorpions
Spain - Spanish Marines(all 17 transferred to Chile)
Thailand - Royal Thai Army- 154+
Venezuela - Army of Venezuela - (90 Scorpions 78 FV101-C.90 +6 FV104 +2 FV105 +4 FV106)
United Kingdom
British Army
RAF Regiment
Australia - Turret only - mounted on M113AS1 to form Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle (MRV)
Variants
The Scorpion/Scimitar in the US Army field recognition manual.
Irish Army Scorpion at Military parade in Dublin (2006)
Scorpion 90 - This export version is armed with the long-barreled Cockerill M.k3 M-A1 90mm gun, fitted with a prominent muzzle brake. It was purchased by the Indonesian, Malaysian and Venezuelan armed forces.
Scorpion Turret used in Australian MRV
The Scorpion turret was also mounted on the M113AS1 (the Australian version of the M113), the resulting vehicle being known as the Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle (MRV). MRVs were issued to Royal Australian Armoured Corps reconnaissance regiments.
The MRV also featured the water heater/cooker from the Scorpion.
Like the Saladin turret Fire Support Vehicle (FSV) before it, the MRV was colloquially known as a “Beast” or “the Beast”.
Related vehicles using the same (or similar) hull include:
FV102 Striker anti-tank guided weapon carrier
FV103 Spartan armoured personnel carrier
FV104 Samaritan armoured ambulance
FV105 Sultan command post vehicle
FV106 Samson armoured recovery vehicle
FV107 Scimitar armoured reconnaissance vehicle
Sabre - Scorpion chassis retro-fitted with a turret from the Fox Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle
These vehicles are collectively known as the CVR(T) - Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) - family.
Production
A total of approximately 4,000 vehicles of the CVR(T) family had been manufactured in the UK and Belgium by the time production ceased in the mid-1990’s.
See also
AVGP Canadian wheeled armoured vehicle using the Scorpion turret.
References
^ Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, July 4, 2006, columns 912W913W
^ The World’s Fastest Tank. (Digest) - FindArticles
^ Andrew Jones, British Armor in the Falklands, ARMOR, March 1983 pp 26-27
^ Nigerian Army Equipment.
Jane’s Armour & Artillery 1989-90, Jane’s information Group, editor Christopher F. Foss
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: FV101 Scorpion
British Army museum
Janes Land Forces
History of the development of the series
v d e
Post-WWII British AFVs
Wheeled
Ferret Scout Car Fox Reconnaissance Vehicle Saladin Armoured Car Saracen APC FV1611 “Pig” Saxon Mastiff PPV Husky TSV
APCs and IFVs
FV432 Warrior FV103 Spartan Stormer FV104 Samaritan FV105 Sultan Viking
Light tanks and
anti-tank vehicles
FV 4101 Charioteer FV301 FV101 Scorpion FV107 Scimitar Sabre FV102 Striker FV438 Swingfire
SP artillery
FV433 Abbot AS-90 MLRS
Main battle tanks
Centurion Conqueror Chieftain Challenger 1 Challenger 2
UK unarmoured or non-fighting vehicles
Categories: Light tanks | Tanks of the Cold War | Reconnaissance vehicles | Tanks of the United Kingdom | Military equipment of the Philippines | Falklands War vehicles | Alvis vehiclesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007

Floor Radiant Heating Pipe ,
Etymology
The word was coined in 1834 from the Greek (kathodos), ‘descent’ or ‘way down’, by William Whewell, who had been consulted by Michael Faraday over some new names needed to complete a paper on the recently discovered process of electrolysis. In that paper Faraday explained that when an electrolytic cell is oriented so that electric current traverses the “decomposing body” (electrolyte) in a direction “from East to West, or, which will strengthen this help to the memory, that in which the sun appears to move”, the cathode is where the current leaves the electrolyte, on the West side: “kata downwards, `odos a way ; the way which the sun sets” (, reprinted in ).
The use of ‘West’ to mean the ‘out’ direction (actually ‘out’ ‘West’ ’sunset’ ‘down’) may appear unnecessarily contrived. Previously, as related in the first reference cited above, Faraday had used the more straightforward term “exode” (the doorway where the current exits). His motivation for changing it to something meaning ‘the West electrode’ (other candidates had been “westode”, “occiode” and “dysiode”) was to make it immune to a possible later change in the direction convention for current, whose exact nature was not known at the time. The reference he used to this effect was the Earth’s magnetic field direction, which at that time was believed to be invariant. He fundamentally defined his arbitrary orientation for the cell as being that in which the internal current would run parallel to and in the same direction as a hypothetical magnetizing current loop around the local line of latitude which would induce a magnetic dipole field oriented like the Earth’s. This made the internal current East to West as previously mentioned, but in the event of a later convention change it would have become West to East, so that the West electrode would not have been the ‘way out’ any more. Therefore “exode” would have become inappropriate, whereas “cathode” meaning ‘West electrode’ would have remained correct with respect to the unchanged direction of the actual phenomenon underlying the current, then unknown but, he thought, unambiguously defined by the magnetic reference. In retrospect the name change was unfortunate, not only because the Greek roots alone do not reveal the cathode’s function any more, but more importantly because, as we now know, the Earth’s magnetic field direction on which the “cathode” term is based is subject to reversals whereas the current direction convention on which the “exode” term was based has no reason to change in the future.
Since the later discovery of the electron, an easier to remember, and more durably technically correct (although historically false), etymology has been suggested: cathode, from the Greek kathodos, ‘way down’, ‘the way (down) into the cell (or other device) for electrons’.
Flow of electron , compression brass fittings .
The flow of electrons is always from anode to cathode outside of the cell or device, regardless of the cell or device type and operating mode, with the exception of diodes where electrode naming always assumes current flows in the forward direction (that of the arrow symbol), i.e., electrons flow in the opposite direction, even when the diode reverse-conducts either by accident (breakdown of a normal diode) or by design (breakdown of a Zener diode, photo-current of a photodiode or solar cell) , fitting pipes .
Chemistry cathode
In chemistry, a cathode is the electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs. The cathode can be negative as when the cell is electrolytic (where electrical energy provided to the cell is being used to decompose chemical compounds); or positive as when the cell is galvanic (where chemical reactions are used to generate electrical energy). The cathode supplies electrons to the positively charged cations which flow to it from the electrolyte (even if the cell is galvanic, i.e., when the cathode is positive and therefore would be expected to repel the positively charged cations; this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems in a galvanic cell).
Electrolytic cell
In an electrolytic cell, the cathode is where the negative polarity is applied to drive the cell. Common results of reduction at the cathode are hydrogen gas or pure metal from metal ions. When discussing the relative reducing power of two redox agents, the couple for generating the more reducing species is said to be more “cathodic” with respect to the more easily reduced reagent.
Galvanic cell
In a galvanic cell, the cathode is where the positive pole is connected to allow the circuit to be completed: as the anode of the galvanic cell gives off electrons, they return from the circuit into the cell through the cathode.
Electroplating metal cathode
When metal ions are reduced from ionic solution, they form a pure metal surface on the cathode. Items to be plated with pure metal are attached to and become part of the cathode in the electrolytic solution.
Electronics and physics cathode
In physics or electronics, a cathode is an electrode that emits electrons into the device.
Vacuum tubes
In a vacuum tube or electronic vacuum system, the cathode emits free electrons. Electrons are extracted from metal electrodes either by heating the electrode, causing thermionic emission, or by applying a strong electric field and causing field electron emission. Electrons can also be emitted from the electrodes of certain metals when light of frequency greater than the threshold frequency falls on it. This effect is called photoelectric emission.
Cold cathodes and hot cathodes
Cathodes used for field electron emission in vacuum tubes are called cold cathodes. Heated electrodes or hot cathodes, frequently called filaments, are much more common. Most radios and television sets prior to the 1970s used filament-heated-cathode electron tubes for signal selection and processing; to this day, a hot cathode forms the source of the electron beam(s) in cathode ray tubes in many television sets and computer monitors. Hot electron emitters are also used as the electrodes in fluorescent lamps and in the source tubes of X-ray machines.
Diodes
In a semiconductor diode, the cathode is the Noped layer of the PN junction with a high density of free electrons as a result of doping, and an equal density of fixed positive charges, which are the dopants that have been thermally ionized. In the anode, the converse applies: It features a high density of free “holes” and consequently fixed negative dopants which have captured an electron (hence the origin of the holes).
When P and N-doped layers are placed in contact, diffusion ensures that electrons flow from high to low density areas: That is, from the N to the P side. They leave behind the fixed positively charged dopants near the junction. Similarly, holes diffuse from P to N leaving behind fixed negative ionised dopants near the junction. These layers of fixed positive and negative charges, collectively known as the depletion layer because they are depleted of free electrons and holes. The depletion layer at the junction is at the origin of the diode’s rectifying properties. This is due to the resulting internal field and corresponding potential barrier which inhibit current flow in reverse applied bias which increases the internal depletion layer field. Conversely, they allow it in forwards applied bias where the applied bias reduces the built in potential barrier.
Electrons which diffuse from the cathode into the P-doped layer, or anode, become what is termed “minority carriers” and tend to recombine there with the majority carriers, which are holes, on a timescale characteristic of the material which is the p-type minority carrier lifetime. Similarly, holes diffusing into the N-doped layer become minority carriers and tend to recombine with electrons. In equilibrium, with no applied bias, thermally assisted diffusion of electrons and holes in opposite directions across the depletion layer ensure a zero net current with electrons flowing from cathode to anode and recombining, and holes flowing from anode to cathode across the junction or depletion layer and recombining.
Like a typical diode, there is a fixed anode and cathode in a zener diode, but it will conduct current in the reverse direction (electrons from anode to cathode) if its breakdown or Zener voltage is exceeded.
See also
Anode
Battery
Cathode bias
Electrode
Electrolysis
Electrolytic cell
Electron tube
Oxidation-reduction
PEDOT
Primary cell terminology
References
^ Ross, S, Faraday Consults the Scholars: The Origins of the Terms of Electrochemistry in Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996), Volume 16, Number 2 / 1961, Pages: 187 - 220, consulted 2006-12-22
^ Faraday, Michael, Experimental Researches in Electricity. Seventh Series, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 124, 01 Jan 1834, Page 77, consulted 2006-12-27 (in which Faraday introduces the words electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, electrolyte, electrolyze)
^ Faraday, Michael, Experimental Researches in Electricity, Volume 1, 1849, reprint of series 1 to 14, freely accessible Gutenberg.org transcript consulted 2007-01-11
External links
The Cathode Ray Tube site
How to define anode and cathode
v d e
Galvanic cells
Non-rechargeable:
primary cells
Alkaline battery | Aluminium battery | Bunsen cell | Chromic acid cell |…

swimming pool heat pump , hn I may refer to:
People
John Chrysostom (349. 407), Patriarch of Constantinople
John of Antioch (died 441)
Pope John I, Pope from 523 to 526
John I of Naples (died c. 719 , bathroom ceiling heater .
John I of Gaeta (died c. 933 , paraffin heater .
John I Tzimiskes (c. 925976), Byzantine Emperor
John I of Amalfi (died 1007)
John I of Ponthieu (c. 11471191)
John of England (11661216), King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine and Count of Anjou
John I of Sweden (c. 12011222)
John of Brienne (c. 11481237), king of Jerusalem
John I of Trebizond (died 1238)
John I of Dreux (12151249)
John I of Avesnes (12181257)
John I, Count of Blois (died 1280)
John II of Jerusalem (12591285), also John I of Cyprus
John I, Duke of Brittany (12171286)
John I of Brienne, Count of Eu (died 1294)
John I, Duke of Brabant (12531294)
John I, Count of Holland (12841299)
John I of Montferrat (c. 12751305)
John of Scotland (c. 1249. 1313)
John I of France (1316), king for the five days he lived
John I, Duke of Bavaria (13291340)
John I of Bohemia (12961346)
John II of France (13191363), also John I, Duke of Burgundy
John I of Nassau-Weilburg (13091371)
John of Brunswick, Duke of Lneburg (c. 12421377)
John of Islay, Lord of the Isles (died 1386)
John I of Castile (13581390)
John I, Duke of Lorraine (13461390)
John I, Count of La Marche (13441393)
John I of Aragon (13501396)
John I of Alenon (13851415)
John, Duke of Berry (13401416)
John I of Portugal (13571433), King of Portugal and of the Algarve, Lord of Ceuta
John I, Duke of Bourbon (13811434)
John I Albert of Poland, (14591501)
Joo I of Kongo, ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo between 1470-1509
John of Denmark called Hans of Denmark,(14551513), King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Jnos Szapolyai (14871540), King of Hungary and Slavonia
John, 6th Duke of Braganza (15431583), aka John I, Duke of Braganza
John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrcken (15501604)
Yohannes I of Ethiopia (ruled 16671692)
Johann I Josef, Prince of Liechtenstein (17601836)
John of Saxony (18011873)
Biblical
John 1, the first chapter of the Gospel of John
First Epistle of John or 1 John
See also
John (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same personal name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Categories: Human name disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages

100拢楼 Silk Flamenco Embriodery Piano Shawl / Scarf - Manton ,
The automobile
To a large extent, NP is a reaction to the way in which the automobile has impacted the environment and reshaped the cities. Arth writes: ur quality of life is dependent on achieving a spectrum of physical and psychological needs in a clean, safe, and beautiful environment that can only be accomplished with highly integrated urban design and planning. As long as vehicles, roads, parking lots, garages, and automobile-related businesses cover a significant portion of the landscape and determine the design of nearly everything else, most American cities will continue to be dysfunctional and degraded slumscapes, choked with traffic.
Over six million motor vehicle related accidents result in almost three million injuries, and over 42,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Worldwide, approximately half a million deaths occur each year from motor vehicle accidents.
Over-reliance on the automobile, coupled with the lack of a pedestrian-friendly environment, has contributed to two-thirds of adult Americans being overweight or obese. Americans spend about $33 billion a year trying to lose weight, yet 300,000 still die every year because of weight-related problems. Degradation of the urban and rural landscape caused by sprawl also has wide-ranging negative effects on the environment and contributes to high maintenance costs to the infrastructure.
Most Americans spend as much of their income on transportation as on housing, with residents of more automobile-dependent cities spending as much as three times as much of their Gross Regional Product (GRP). People in Houston, Atlanta, Dallas-Ft.Worth spend about 23% of their GRP on transportation compared to 9% in Honolulu, New York City, and Baltimore, and 7% in Toronto. These statistics are from the late 90 before the huge runup in oil prices, and do not include some of the hidden costs of oil consumption. , ceramic portable heater .
Energ , portable air heater .
Oil production peaked in the U.S. in 1970 and today only 35% of oil consumed is produced domestically. The U.S. has grown increasingly dependent on obtaining oil that lies beneath areas populated by people who are hostile to American interests. This is assumed by Arth and many others to have led to increased U.S. militarism in oil rich countries and a growing trade deficit. NP seeks to reduce oil consumption by designing neighborhoods and towns that require far less automobile travel. Most daily trips and recreation in a Pedestrian Village would be within pleasant walking or bicycling distance. New Pedestrianism asserts that it is necessary only to connect village centers to create a highly efficient public transportation system.
New Pedestrianism, in its ideal form, reduces the need for oil and other limited energy sources by reducing consumption and utilizing renewable energy. It is anticipated, especially as the cost of photovoltaic cells drops, that individual homes would be equipped with solar panels and solar water heaters, and that solar parks would harvest energy for the whole community. Reducing energy needs and moving away from oil dependency would presumably address health, social, economic, and environmental problems.
New Pedestrianism for the homeless
In January 2007 Arth proposed that a Pedestrian Village be built for the adult homeless in Volusia County, FL as a prototype for a national solution that would cost less than what he calls the urrent Band-Aid approach to the problem.11] Tiger Bay Village would be nearly car free and provide six kinds of housing, ranging from multi-bed barracks in buildings that look like traditional two story homes, to Katrina Cottages. It would have a lake, swimming lagoon, pool, hiking trails, parks, community gardens and orchards. The residents would help build and maintain the village, and it would also serve as a permanent home for those with mental disabilities who are unable to reintegrate into outside society. All the needs of both temporary and permanent residents would be available on site, and the village would be located on a major bus route. Amenities would also include a labor service that would provide pre-screened workers to the public. The village was designed under a master plan, but the purpose and design of the buildings could be reassessed as it was built in stages over the years. The proposal fueled a national debate about what to do about the homeless while also garnering derision from some quarters by being called either a esort for the homeless or a ulag reservation.14] Arth has been careful to explain that this is not a solution for low income housing, which should be integrated into the community.
Michael E. Arth launched a website to organize support for building pedestrian villages for the homeless in early 2009, which also provides a great deal of information about the concept.
Aesthetics
New Pedestrianism replaces unsightly and dangerous front streets with tree-lined pedestrian lanes that form a linear park system that directly connects all homes and businesses to each other, as well as to parks, greenbelts, plazas, courtyards, water features, schools, recreation, and other amenities. This presumably raises the value of all property because the public and private properties are no longer devalued by the appearance and danger of excessive automobile dependency. A separate, tree-lined, street grid for cars also exists, but it always relegated to the rear, and the pedestrian/bike grid as the primary transportation network ensures that unsightly, noisome traffic is vastly reduced on the rear streets. In Pedestrian Villages, density increases because buildings can be built close to quiet, car-free lanes without the need for huge setbacks that are typical in suburban sprawl. This, in turn, places more emphasis on building design, peaceful and intimate public spaces, and aesthetics that is scaled for pedestrians.
History
Like New Urbanism, New Pedestrianism has its roots in compact, mixed-use neighborhoods common in the United States (and elsewhere) during and prior to the first quarter of the 20th century. New Pedestrianism borrows and then expands upon earlier experiments in urban design that focused on separating pedestrians from vehicular traffic.
A walk street in Venice, California, built around 1905.
In a few beachside communities in Southern California, including Venice, California, “walk streets” were constructed around 1905 in a few blocks near the beach. Houses faced pedestrian lanes that ranged between 3 and 10 feet wide. Narrow alleys in the rear handled cars and parking. The canals in Venice, California, built during the same period, also had both sidewalks and canals in front of the houses.
Urban planners Ebenezer Howard and Sir Patrick Geddes were an earlier influence on the design of Radburn, New Jersey, built at the dawn of the automobile age in 1929. Radburn had pedestrian lanes in front and vehicular access at the rear on cul-de-sacs that protruded into large multi-use blocks. A study done in 1970 by John Lansing of the University of Michigan showed that 47% of its residents did their grocery shopping on foot, compared to 8% for a conventional subdivision nearby. He also determined that, overall, Radburn residents drove far less than in any other areas he studied. The Radburn plan has been copied in various forms in Sweden, England, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia.
The San Antonio River Walk, also known as “Paseo del Rio,” was initiated in 1929. In this case, the San Antonio River underwent flood control measures and was turned into a peaceful canal lined on both sides with lively pedestrian promenades, plazas, sidewalk cafes, restaurants, clubs, shops, hotels, and other attractions that are completely separate from any vehicles. The promenades pass underneath the roads since Paseo del Rio is one level below the street and vehicular access to buildings is one story above the river.
Village Homes in Davis, California was founded in 1975 by Michael and Judy Corbett. The 70-acre (280,000 m2) subdivision has 225 homes and 20 apartments. Solar design and solar panels are utilized for heating. The homes have walkways passing through an extensive greenbelt system on one side of the houses with automobile access on the other side.
Some streets in the New Urbanist development of Rosemary Beach, Florida also have boardwalks in front of some of the homes.
In 2005 New Pedestrianism was offered by Arth as part of the solution to the rebuilding of New Orleans.
Films about New Pedestrianism
New Urban Cowboy: Toward a New Pedestrianism, produced in 2008, is a feature length documentary that tells the story of Arth’s struggle to retrofit a crack slum into a Pedestrian Village while also explaining the philosophy of New Pedestrianism.
The Labors of Hercules: Modern Solutions to 12 Herculean Problems. Projected for release in 2009, this feature-length documentary follows the book of the same title and will address societal issues that also relate to New Pedestrianism.
Examples
These are examples of New Pedestrianism-style Pedestrian Villages that represent the various types:
Venice, California - Walking streets with and without canals, and a car-free promenade, circa 1910.
San Antonio River Walk, Texas - Car-free promenade, 1920s.
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium - Pedestrian Village with parking hidden below, 1969.
Garden Village in Austin, Texas, USA - Proposed infill Pedestrian Village to replace former site of Mueller airport.
Downtown DeLand, Florida, USA - (Historic Garden District)- Infill retrofit of existing neighborhood, 2001-2007.
Kisima Kaya, Kenya - New town…

Bio Shield Brand Tio2 (UV-Pco) Nanotechnology Coating ,

books.google.com/books?id=4b_qJyw-ZX8C, “Streetfighter — Also known as a ‘hooligan’ cycle, this is a sportbike stripped of all superflous bodywork.”

^ Doeden, Matt; Leonard, Joe (2007), Choppers, ISBN 0822572885, 9780822572886, http://books.google.com/books?id=7wDcbl-UsmYC&pg=PA46, “streetfighter: a type of superbike customized for maximum speed and performance.”

^ Seate, Mike (2007), How to Build a Pro Streetbike, MBI Publishing Company, pp. 92-3 ff, ISBN 0760324506, 9780760324509, http://books.google.com/books?id=mqMGQPuFEFsC&pg=PA92, “[In London in the early 1990s,] I noticed an odd-looking motorcycle idling loudly across the crowded intersection. The bike’s upside-down front end was topped by a pair of oversized headlights that appeared to have been stolen from a car. The rider’s gloved hands clutched a set of what looked like handlebars from a motocross bike, while the exhaust can — or what little remained of it — was burbling like a beehive on fire.

Was this a prop from Mel Gibson’s Road Warrior? Some poor motorcycle courier who had dropped his machine so many times that he’d refused to replace his damaged fairing? [more]”

^ Inman, Gary (June 2008), Hooligan Bikes (cover story), “Freedom Fighter; Triumph’s stripped-down sportbike came from the street”, Cycle World: 36-7, “The origins of the species are disputed. Some say that the Germans put high-bar conversions on sportbikes to lessen the soft tissue damage of the annual high-mileage pilgrimage to the Isle of Man for the TT races, and these were the first streetfighters. Others say — and I agree — that young British GSX-R riders removed their bike’ fairings after crashes. They were already up to their Simpson Bandits debt to buy the bikes; they still owed three years of payments and dared not claim on the insurance for fear of having their policies loaded to the point they were priced off the road. The situation wasn’t helped by the Japanese firms’ replacement-parts pricing structure making new bodywork out of the question. And the old oil-cooled Gixxer Four is just about the best looking Japanese motorcycle ever, so why not show it off?” , water based coating .

^ Brooke, A. Lindsay (2002), Triumph motorcycles: a century of passion and power, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, p. 160, ISBN 0760304564, 9780760304563, http://books.google.com/books?id=I8sIulyI7xoC&pg=PA160 , tile coating .

^ de Cet, Mirco (2002), The illustrated directory of motorcycles, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, p. 214, ISBN 0760314179, 9780760314173, http://books.google.com/books?id=wNzyIcw2vxoC&pg=PA214

^ Inman, Gary (June 2008), Hooligan Bikes (cover story), “Freedom Fighter; Triumph’s stripped-down sportbike came from the street”, Cycle World: 37, “While the exact genesis of the breed may be up for interpretation, the first use of the evocative name of these bikes is not: My friend Clink coined it. This British photojournalist and serial bike builder used it first to describe a Harley. A hot-rodded Harley custom that used sportbike suspension and eschewed the chrome and engraving of the day for powdercoating and motorsport finishes. Clink also noticed the groundswell of Japanese custom sportbikes being built, mainly in the north of England, that would be described as streetfighters. He is related to these bikes in the same way Tom Wolfe is to Kandy-Kolored Tangerine Flake Streamline Babies.”

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People

See: Harley (surname) and Harley (given name) disambiguation

Fictional characters

Harley Quinn, a fictional character in DC Comics Batman franchise

Harley Cooper, a fictional character on the popular CBS daytime soap opera, Guiding Light

Harley Hartwell, is a fictional character of the anime and manga Case Closed, known in Japan as Detective Conan

Harley Warren, a fictional character in H. P. Lovecraft’s story The Statement of Randolph Carter

Harley, a Pokmon character

Places

Harley, Ontario, a township in Canad , powder paint coating .

Harley, Brant County, Ontario, a village in Burford Township, Canad , electrostatic powder coating .

Harley, Shropshire, a village in England

Harley Street in London, England, a centre of private medical practice

Other

Harley-Davidson motorcycles

Harley Owners Group (H.O.G.), a club for Harley-Davidson motorcycle owners

Harley Benton Guitars, a brand name created by German music instrument retailer Thomann

Harley (movie), a 1990 film starring Lou Diamond Phillips as Harley

Harley Street (TV series), a British television medical drama

The Harleian Collection in the British Library, collected by Robert Harley

The Harley School in Rochester, New York

Harley Ellis Devereaux, an architecture and engineering firm based in Southfield, Michigan, U.S.

Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, an English rock band from the early 1970s

Harley Psalter, an illustrated manuscript of the second and third decades of the eleventh century

Harley’s Humongous Adventure, a 1992 Super NES (SNES) platform video game

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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www.computer-darkroom.com/it8cal/it8_page_1.htm.

^ William E. Kasdorf (2003). The Columbia Guide to Digital Publishing. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231124980. http://books.google.com/books?id=fobHSO6GlZAC&pg=PA268&dq=dic+color+guide&as_brr=3&ei=N7JNSfujDp3wkQTn-PmJCg.

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History

A LightScribe Disc printed with the Wikipedia Logo.

LightScribe was conceived by Hewlett-Packard engineer Daryl Anderson and brought to market through the joint design efforts of HP’s imaging and optical storage divisions in 2004. Anderson is no longer actively associated with Lightscribe.

It was the first direct to disc labeling technology that allowed users to laser etch images to the label side of a disc. DiscT@2 technology had been on the market since 2002, but DiscT@2 allowed users to burn to the unused portion of the data side of the disc. In 2005, LabelFlash became the main competitor for LightScribe.

Mode of operation

The surface of a LightScribe disc is coated with a reactive dye that changes color when it absorbs 780nm infrared laser light. The etched label will show no noticeable fading under exposure to indoor lighting for at least 2 years. Optical media should always be stored in a protective sleeve or case that keeps the data content in the dark and safe from scratches. If stored this way, the label should last the life of the disc in real-world application.

LightScribe labels burn in concentric circles, moving outward from the center of the disc. Images with the largest diameters will take longest to burn.

LightScribe is monochromatic, initially a grey etch on a gold looking surface. From late 2006, LightScribe discs are also available in various surface colors, under the v1.2 specification. The etching is still in shades of grey.

Currently it’s not possible to replace a LightScribe label with a new design, but it is possible to add more content to a label that is already burned.

The center of every LightScribe disc has a special code that allows the drive to know the precise rotational position of the disc. This in combination with the drive hardware allows it to know the precise position from the center outwards, and the disc can be labeled while spinning at high speed using these references. It also serves a secondary purpose: The same disc can be labeled with the same label again, several times. Each successive labeling will darken the blacks and generally produce a better image, and the successive burns will be perfectly aligned.

Drawbacks

Special storage precautions are necessary to prevent LightScribe discs from fading. HP’s LightScribe website warns users to “keep discs away from extreme heat, humidity and direct sunlight”, “store them in a cool, dark place”, “use polypropylene disc sleeves rather than PVC sleeves”, and also notes that “residual chemicals on your fingers could cause discoloration of the label image”. Such chemicals include common hand lotions and hair care products. Users not observing these precautions have reported LightScribe discs to become visibly faded within two months in the worst case. This drawback makes the technology unsuitable for applications involving continuous handling, and for such popular uses as car music compilation disks which typically have unavoidable high exposure. Since many disc players present internal temperatures significantly higher than room temperature, LightScribe discs should also not be left in disc players for long periods of time.

Lightscribe discs may form a visible white powder coating. This is due to crystallization of some of the label-side coating. It is not harmful and can easily be removed with a water-dampened cloth. Wiping the disc with a damp cloth does not harm the inscribed label. Up until now, LightScribe support has not explained which conditions lead to this reaction, nor the precautions that can be taken to avoid it.

Multiple Lightscribes of the same image increases contrast, but the image quality decreases with successive burns. Noticeable contrast variations are seen in solid shades , asphalt coatings .

Other Use , fiberglass coatings .

Of interest is that the resultant multiple burn image is dark enough to show through the disk when edge lit. This could be useful for displaying photographs in conjunction with a green or white LED.

Another interesting modification is to place the burned disk label side down onto a photosensitive PCB and expose the (CDR) side to UV light, producing a PCB for the cost of a lightscribe disk and the blank PCB material.[citation needed]

References

^ HP Online classes - Getting started with LightScribe

^ HP LightScribe - frequently asked questions

^ HP’s invention, due in drives soon, lets users burn labels directly onto discs

^ LightScribe.com: Support: FAQ: Burning a Label

^ LightScribe.com: Support: FAQ: Support and System Software

See also

LabelFlash, a similar but incompatible technology

DiscT@2

Labeltag

U.S. Patent 7,172,991 — “Integrated CD/DVD recording and labeling”, Daryl E. Anderson, Makarand P Gore, Paul J McClellan, Hewlett-Packard Development Company

External links

HP LightScribe Information Site Official

7 Steps To LightScribe Success - All you need to know.

HP LightScribe | An Easy Guide UnOfficial

Software for LightScribe Labeling

Pre-made covers for LightScribe

HP LightScribe Direct Disc Labeling

LightScribe Drives Comparison at CdrInfo.com

A Comparison of LightScribe, Labelflash, and DiscT@2 (2009)

A Comparison of LightScribe and Labelflash Technologies (2006)

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Definition

A definition of SFM known as substainable forestry to this present day is understanding the forest management that was developed by the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe MCPFE), and has since been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It defines sustainable forest management as:

the stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems.

In simpler terms, the concept can be described as the attainment of balance - balance between society’s increasing demands for forest products and benefits, and the preservation of forest health and diversity. This balance is critical to the survival of forests, and to the prosperity of forest-dependent communities.

For forest managers, sustainably managing a particular forest tract means determining, in a tangible way, how to use it today to ensure similar benefits, health and productivity in the future. Forest managers must assess and integrate a wide array of sometimes conflicting factors - commercial and non-commercial values, environmental considerations, community needs, even global impact - to produce sound forest plans. In most cases, forest managers develop their forest plans in consultation with citizens, businesses, organizations and other interested parties in and around the forest tract being managed. The tools and vizualization have been recently evolving for better management practices , .

Because forests and societies are in constant flux, the desired outcome of sustainable forest management is not a fixed one. What constitutes a sustainably managed forest will change over time as values held by the public change.

Criteria and indicators

Criteria and indicators are tools which can be used to conceptualise, evaluate and implement sustainable forest management. Criteria define and characterize the essential elements, as well as a set of conditions or processes, by which sustainable forest management may be assessed. Periodically measured indicators reveal the direction of change with respect to each criterion.

Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management are widely used and many countries produce national reports that assess their progress toward sustainable forest management. There are nine international and regional criteria and indicators initiatives, which collectively involve more than 150 countries. Three of the more advanced initiatives are those of the Working Group on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests (also called the Montreal Process) , the Ministerial Conference for the Protection of Forests in Europe , and the International Tropical Timber Organization . Countries who are members of the same initiative usually agree to produce reports at the same time and using the same indicators. Within countries, at the management unit level, efforts have also been directed at developing local level criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management. The Center for International Forestry Research, the International Model Forest Network and researchers at the University of British Columbia have developed a number of tools and techniques to help forest-dependent communities develop their own local level criteria and indicators. Criteria and Indicators also form the basis of the Canadian Standards Association certification standard for sustainable forest management.

There appears to be growing international consensus on the key elements of sustainable forest management. Seven common thematic areas of sustainable forest management have emerged based on the criteria of the nine ongoing regional and international criteria and indicators initiatives. The seven thematic areas are:

Extent of forest resources

Biological diversity

Forest health and vitality

Productive functions and forest resources

Protective functions of forest resources

Socio-economic functions

Legal, policy and institutional framework.

This consensus on common thematic areas (or criteria) effectively provides a common, implicit definition of sustainable forest management. The seven thematic areas were acknowledged by the international forest community at the fourth session of the United Nations Forum on Forests and the 16th session of the Committee on Forestry.. These thematic areas have since been enshrined in the Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests as a reference framework for sustainable forest management to help achieve the purpose of the instrument.

Ecosystem approach

The Ecosystem Approach has been prominent on the agenda of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) since 1995 . The CBD definition of the Ecosystem Approach and a set of principles for its application were developed at an expert meeting in Malawi in 1995, known as the Malawi Principles. The definition, 12 principles and 5 points of “operational guidance” were adopted by the fifth Conference of Parties (COP5) in 2000. The CBD definition is as follows

The ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Application of the ecosystem approach will help to reach a balance of the three objectives of the Convention. An ecosystem approach is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, which encompasses the essential structures, processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems.

Sustainable forest management was recognized by parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2004 (Decision VII/11 of COP7) to be a concrete means of applying the Ecosystem Approach to forest ecosystems. The two concepts, sustainable forest management and the ecosystem approach, aim at promoting conservation and management practices which are environmentally, socially and economically sustainable, and which generate and maintain benefits for both present and future generations. In Europe, the MCPFE and the Council for the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (PEBLDS) jointly recognized sustainable forest management to be consistent with the Ecosystem Approach in 2006.

Independent certification

Growing environmental awareness and consumer demand for more socially responsible businesses helped third-party forest certification emerge in the 1990s as a credible tool for communicating the environmental and social performance of forest operations.

There are many potential users of certification, including: forest managers, investors, environmental advocates, business consumers of wood and paper, and individuals.

With forest certification, an independent organization develops standards of good forest management, and independent auditors issue certificates to forest operations that comply with those standards. This certification verifies that forests are well-manageds defined by a particular standardnd ensures that certain wood and paper products come from responsibly managed forests.

This rise of certification led to the emergence of several different systems throughout the world. As a result, there is no single accepted forest management standard worldwide, and each system takes a somewhat different approach in defining standards for sustainable forest management.

Third-party forest certification is an important tool for those seeking to ensure that the paper and wood products they purchase and use come from forests that are well-managed and legally harvested. Incorporating third-party certification into forest product procurement practices can be a centerpiece for comprehensive wood and paper policies that include factors such as the protection of sensitive forest values, thoughtful material selection and efficient use of products.

There are more than 50 certification standards worldwide. Some common certification standards are:

Canada’s National Sustainable Forest Management Standard (CSA)

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI)

Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC)

The area of forest certified worldwide is growing rapidly. As of December 2006, there were over 2,440,000 square kilometres of forest certified under the CSA, FSC or SFI standards, with over 1,237,000 square kilometres certified in Canada alone.

While certification is intended as a tool to enhance forest management practices throughout the world, to date most certified forestry operations are located in Europe and North America. A significant barrier for many forest managers in developing countries is that they lack the capacity to undergo a certification audit and maintain operations to a certification standard.

See also

Sustainable development portal

American Tree Farm System

Analog forestry

Conservation biology

Conservation movement

Environmental protection

Forest management

Forestry

Forest farming

Habitat conservation

Natural capital

Natural resource

Renewable resource

Sustainable agriculture

World Forestry Congress (WFC)

References

^ Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe

^ Evans, K., De Jong, W., and Cronkleton, P. (2008) uture Scenarios as a Tool for…